Simulation Models of Skidder Conventional and Hybrid Drive

Karlušić, Juraj; Cipek, Mihael; Pavković, Danijel; Benić, Juraj; Šitum, Željko; Pandur, Zdravko; Šušnjar, Marijan

doi:10.3390/f11090921

Cited by 8 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Simple backward models of conventional and hybrid skidders used for simulation studies were introduced in [9]. The models are based on a 7200 kg Skidder EcoTrac 120V, which is a heavy-duty forestry tractor used for pulling logs out of forests.…”

Section: Skidder Models Used In Optimizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In that respect, the maximum loading capabilities of the particular forestry vehicle should also be respected (see e.g., [14] and the discussion presented therein). A P2 parallel hybrid configuration (shown in Figure 1b) is proposed herein, which satisfies the predefined driving performance, and also does not require major modifications of the conventional powertrain for its installation [9]. Thus, the chosen P2 parallel configuration may also be convenient from the standpoint of conventional powertrain retrofitting to its hybrid counterpart.…”

Section: Skidder Models Used In Optimizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order to gain these insights, and to find an off-line optimal control law for the hybrid powertrain, this paper proposes the utilization of optimization tools based on the so-called cascade control optimization algorithm [8], featuring a simplified backward-looking model of the hybrid powertrain. The main hypothesis of this work is that by utilizing the combined approach based on successive optimization by means of dynamic programming (DP) and a back propagation through time (BPTT) gradient-based algorithm, a noticeable improvement in fuel efficiency and greenhouse gases emission can be achieved, compared to the rule-based control previously presented in [9]. Based on the results of the optimization study conducted herein, conclusions are drawn regarding the potentials for emission reduction and overall fuel (energy) efficiency improvement of hybridized powertrains in a forestry machinery application, along with the estimation of the return of investment period of such a hybridization.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Benefit Assessment of Skidder Powertrain Hybridization Utilizing a Novel Cascade Optimization Algorithm

et al. 2020

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Over the last decade, off-road vehicles have been increasingly hybridized through powertrain electrification in terms of additional electrical machine-based propulsion and battery energy storage, with the goal of achieving significant gains in fuel economy and reductions in greenhouse gases emissions. Since hybrid powertrains consist of two or more different energy sources and may be arranged in many different configurations, there are many open questions in their design and powertrain energy management control, which may have influence on the hybridized powertrain purchase cost and efficiency. This paper presents simple backward optimization models of conventional and hybrid cable skidder powertrains. These models are then used in the optimization of control variables over one forest path in order to find the minimum possible fuel consumption. The optimization results show that 15% fuel efficiency improvement in winching and skid trail driving can be achieved with the selected hybrid powertrain. With that improvement, main hybrid drive components can be paid off in 13 years.

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Section: Skidder Models Used In Optimizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Skidder Models Used In Optimizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Benefit Assessment of Skidder Powertrain Hybridization Utilizing a Novel Cascade Optimization Algorithm

et al. 2020

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“…In comparison, hybrid powertrains with smaller Diesel engines can reduce energy consumption by up to 16% compared to bigger ones, ensuring more efficient energy usage in hybrid electric tractors (Mocera and Somà, 2020). The first application of hybridisation or electrification in heavy-duty machines in the forest sector involved the CFJ20H 320 V harvester (Rong-Feng et al, 2017), EcoTrac 120V skidder (Karlušíc et al, 2020) and Kesla's C 860 H hybrid wood chipper (Prinz et al, 2018). As reported in Rong-Feng et al (2017), the hybridisation of the CFJ20H 320 V harvester met the design requirement concerning grade, maximum speed, acceleration time, and fuel consumption.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As reported in Rong-Feng et al (2017), the hybridisation of the CFJ20H 320 V harvester met the design requirement concerning grade, maximum speed, acceleration time, and fuel consumption. The backward powertrain model of a skidder, optimised through a cascade optimisation approach N o n -c o m m e r c i a l u s e o n l y using specific algorithms to minimise fuel consumption and satisfying transmission components constraints (Karlušíc et al, 2020), shows an efficiency improvement of over 15%. The algorithm optimisation can lead to a fuel reduction of 0.4 L per driving cycle and, consequently, of approximately 6516.00 € in fuel cost and 15,900 kg in CO2 emissions over the li-ion cells battery lifetime (15,000 cycles).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy efficiency of a hybrid cable yarding system: A case study in the North-Eastern Italian Alps under real working conditions

et al. 2021

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In order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, low emission or zero-emission technologies have been applied to light and heavyduty vehicles by adopting electric propulsion systems and battery energy storage. Hybrid cable yarders and electrical slack-pulling carriages could represent an opportunity to increase the energy efficiency of forestry operations leading to lower impact timber harvesting and economic savings thanks to reduced fuel consumption. However, given the limited experience with hybrid-electric systems applied to cable yarding operations, these assumptions remain uncertain. This study assessed an uphill cable yarding operation using a hybrid cable yarder and an active slack-pulling electric power carriage over thirty working days. A total of 915 work cycles on four different cable lines were analysed. Longterm monitoring using Can-BUS data and direct field observations were used to evaluate the total energy efficiency, total energy efficiency (%), and fuel consumption per unit of timber extracted (L/m3). The use of the electric-hybrid system with a 700 V supercapacitor to store the recovered energy made it possible to reduce the running time of the engine by about 38% of the total working time. However, only 35% to 41% of the Diesel-based mechanical energy was consumed by the mainline and haulback winches. Indeed, the remaining energy was consumed by the other winches of the cable line system (skyline, strawline winches and carriage recharging or breaking during outhaul) or dissipated by the system (e.g., by the haulback blocks). With reference to all work cycles, the highest net energy consumption occurred during the inhaulunload work element with a maximum of 1.15 kWh, consuming 70% of total net energy consumption to complete a work cycle. In contrast, lower energy consumption was recorded for lateral skid and outhaul, recording a maximum of 23% and 32% of the total net energy consumption, respectively. The estimated recovered energy, on average between the four cable lines, was 2.56 kWh. Therefore, the reduced fuel need was assessed to be approximately 730 L of fuel in the 212.5 PMH15 of observation, for a total emissions reduction of 1907 kg CO2 eq, 2.08 kg CO2 eq for each work cycle.

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Requirements and Challenges in the Design and Potential of Smart and Efficient Winch Assisted Forestry Machinery

Leitner

Pérez

Carabin

et al. 2023

Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering

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Simulation Models of Skidder Conventional and Hybrid Drive

Cited by 8 publications

References 14 publications

Benefit Assessment of Skidder Powertrain Hybridization Utilizing a Novel Cascade Optimization Algorithm

Benefit Assessment of Skidder Powertrain Hybridization Utilizing a Novel Cascade Optimization Algorithm

Energy efficiency of a hybrid cable yarding system: A case study in the North-Eastern Italian Alps under real working conditions

Requirements and Challenges in the Design and Potential of Smart and Efficient Winch Assisted Forestry Machinery

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