Simulation and experimental investigation of the end milling process considering the cutter flexibility

Correlating surface roughness, tool wear and tool vibration in the milling process of hardened steel using long slender tools

“…This model does not include dynamic considerations, but it can make coherent predictions, since in finish operations, in which the depths of cut are small, the process is close to stability [12] and tool behavior is quasi-static [15]. According to Xu et al [16], under stable cutting conditions, static tool deflection is more significant than dynamic deflection.…”

The evaluation of cutting-force coefficients using surface error measurements

“…The measured parameter used for defining the cuttingforce coefficients is surface error (Budak and Altintas, 1995;Tsai and Liao, 1999;Kim et al, 2003;Xu et al, 2003). The cutting tool deviation resulting from the cutting forces is considered as the main element of the surface error.…”

The application of tolerance analysis to the theoretical and experimental evaluation of a CNC corner-milling operation

“…In the manufacturing error they include work-holding error, error resulting from cutting tool wear and machine tool inaccuracy. This method helps to improve the planning of the cutting operation, but it does not take into account the cutting tool deviation, which is the main source of machining error [10][11][12][13]. All the research studies described above are based on the general machining process and do not consider the specifics of CNC machining.…”

“…The general case of dual-mode deflection of a cutting tool has been addressed by a number of other researchers [13,25]. In this case, the cutting tool deviation at a distance h along the axis Z, with respect to the cutting force F, is the result of the deflection and deflection angle of the shank δ s and θ s , and the deflection of the fluted part of the cutting tool δ t :…”