“…As was found in the literature, grains deform in metals under plastic strain and elongate in the direction of the deformation and they become finer with increasing extrusion ratio [31][32][33][34][35]. The density of dislocation increases together with the increase in plastic strain.…”
“…As was found in the literature, grains deform in metals under plastic strain and elongate in the direction of the deformation and they become finer with increasing extrusion ratio [31][32][33][34][35]. The density of dislocation increases together with the increase in plastic strain.…”
“…The model also assumes Arrhenius temperature behavior where, again, the activation energy is a fit parameter. [30] The application of this method has been extended to dynamic recrystallization by Jonas et al [31] In another model, known as the physical model, Furu et al [32] used a physically based model and assumed t 0.5 is inversely proportional to the initial stored energy and the density of recrystallization nuclei.…”
A new analytic method based on the microstructural path method with nucleation rate and growth rate as descriptors is proposed, which provides a link between the nonhomogeneous distribution of stored energy in plastically deformed materials and the recrystallization rate. The proposed approach uses easily measured recrystallization rates to provide information about the deformation history and the inhomogeneity of stored energy. The theory was evaluated by comparing direct differential scanning calorimetry measurements of inhomogeneity factor, m, on deformed samples of pure Cu at 498 K (225°C), to those extracted from hardness measurements. Excellent agreement between the model and the experiment was found. In addition, it is shown how any given probability function describing the initial distribution of stored energy can be used to predict the evolution of the residual stored energy as recrystallization proceeds.
“…Finite element (FE) analysis is widely used for the simulation of shape and microstructure changes in hot forming [1][2][3]. With the improvement in understanding of the relationship between microstructures and mechanical properties of structural components, the prediction of shape and microstructure changes has become a hot issue in the high-temperature forming.…”
Microstructure evolution of Ti-6Al-4V alloy during hot backward extrusion process was simulated with the combined approaches of finite element method (FEM) and microstructure prediction model. From experimental analysis, it can be found that the change of microstructure during hot forming process of titanium alloy has a close relation to α/β phase transformation and grain growth behaviour. A microstructure prediction model was established by considering the change of volume fractions and grain size of both phases varying with process variables and then implemented into the user-defined subroutine of FEM analysis. In order to demonstrate the reliability of the model, the volume fraction and grain size of primary α phase during the hot backward extrusion process of Ti-6Al-4V alloy were simulated. The simulation results were compared with the experimental ones.
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