Simulation and assessment of groundwater flow and groundwater and surface-water exchanges in lakes of the northeast Twin Cities Metropolitan Area, Minnesota, 2003 through 2013: Chapter B of Water levels and groundwater and surface-water exchanges in lakes of the northeast Twin Cities Metropolitan Area, Minnesota, 2002 through 2015</i>

Abstract

U n d if fe r e n ti a te d g la c ia l s e d im e n ts S t. P e te r S a n d s to n e P r a ir ie d u C h ie n G r o u p J o r d a n S a n d s to n e For more information on the USGS-the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment-visit https://www.usgs.gov or call 1-888-ASK-USGS. Surface runoff Evaporation Precipitation L a k e w a t e r d is c h a r g e t o u n d e r ly in g a q u if e r s G r o u n d w a te r in fl o w to la k e L a k e w a te r d is c h a r g e to s h a ll o w a q u if e r sFor an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit https://store.usgs.gov/.Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.Although this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also may contain copyrighted materials as noted in the text. Permission to reproduce copyrighted items must be secured from the copyright owner. Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (°F) may be converted to degrees Celsius (°C) as follows: °C = (°F -32) / 1.8. DatumVertical coordinate information is referenced to the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88), unless otherwise specified.Vertical datums for lake-water levels and surface-water outlets varied between the lakes. The datums for each lake can be found at Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, 2015.Elevation, as used in this report, refers to distance above the vertical datum.The lake-water levels for the six lakes simulated with the U.S. Geological Survey's modular finite-difference groundwater-flow model (MODFLOW) Lake (LAK) package were converted from their native datum in the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources' Lake Finder web page (Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, 2015c) to the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88) before their use as calibration targets for the NMLG model. Water levels for Turtle Lake, Snail Lake, and White Bear Lake were available in reference to the Mean Sea Level 1912 (MSL 1912) datum (Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, 2015c). Water levels for Big Marine Lake, Lake Elmo, and Pine Tree Lake were available in reference to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD 29). This report is chapter B of a two-part report addressing groundwater and surface-water exchanges in the northeast Twin Cities Metropolitan Area. Chapter A of this report (Jones and others, 2016) described a field and statistical study of groundwater and surface-water exchanges and water levels of 96 lakes in the northeast Twin Cities Metropolitan Area, Minnesota, from 2002 through 2015. This report describes the development and application of a threedimensional, numerical, groundwater-flow model, termed the "Northeast Metro Lakes Groundwater-Flow (NMLG) model," that was used to assess groundwater and surfacewater exchanges and the effects of groundwater withdrawals and precipitation on water levels of lakes in the northeast Twi...