This paper introduces the basic principle of measuring the axial stress of optical fiber based on Brillouin time domain analysis technology (BOTDA), and applies distributed optical fiber sensing to the axial stress monitoring of power cables. We build a cable axial stress monitoring system based on BOTDA, and in view of the problem that the built-in optical fiber structure of the existing optoelectronic hybrid cable could not be effectively used for stress monitoring, we propose a new type of intelligent sensing cable. The built-in optical fiber adopts a nylon tight-packed structure, so that the force on the optical fiber can effectively represent the axial stress of the cable. We build the Brillouin frequency shift test platform to study the influence of different bending radii on the Brillouin scattering frequency shift of optical fibers when the cable was bent. The test results show that the built-in optical fiber of the cable adopts a nylon tight-packed structure, and combined with BOTDA technology, the stress distribution of each position of the cable can be effectively monitored by analyzing the Brillouin scattering frequency shift, which can reflect the axial stress of different bending radii of the cable. It provides strong support for establishing a cable stress database and building a comprehensive perception platform for power cables.