Simulating the Sooting Propensity of JP-8 with Surrogate Fuels from Hydrocarbon Fluids

Iyer, Venkatesh; Iyer, Suresh; Linevsky, Milton J.; Litzinger, Thomas A.; Santoro, Robert J.; Dooley, Stephen; Dryer, Frederick L.; Mordaunt, Christopher J.

doi:10.2514/1.b35139

Cited by 20 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Results presented elsewhere show similar emulation of sooting behaviors in both fundamental jet diffusion flame and model gas turbine combustor experiments. 1 It is inferred from prior work, 8 that combustion behaviors at other reactant concentrations, equivalence ratios, and pressures will be similarly reproduced well. Unfortunately experimental confirmation of this inference is beyond the scope of the present effort.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…Results showing that similar sooting behaviors are also yielded for real fuels and hydrocarbon fluid mixtures are presented in a companion publication. 1 The principal conclusions of this work are as follows:…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Instead, JP-8 (POSF 5699) has been used more recently as a reference fuel in such studies, and this fuel was to be employed in model combustor studies conducted at Pennsylvania State University, reported elsewhere. 1 Flow reactor reactivity profile comparisons for the two real fuels also provides an opportunity to demonstrate that real fuels with closely Three commercial, narrow distillation cut hydrocarbon fluids were used to produce the Jet-A (POSF 4658) surrogate mixture. Each distillation cut fluid was composed of a well defined carbon number range and molecular class structure that matched relatively well the average molecular weight range of real jet fuels.…”

Section: Experimental Parameters and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Emulating the Combustion Behavior of Real Jet Aviation Fuels by Surrogate Mixtures of Hydrocarbon Fluid Blends: Implications for Science and Engineering

et al. 2014

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We have demonstrated previously that a (surrogate fuel) mixture of known pure hydrocarbon species that closely matches four combustion property targets (the derived cetane number (DCN), the hydrogen to carbon molar ratio (H/C), the threshold soot index (TSI), and the average molecular weight) of a specific jet fuel, displays fully prevaporized global combustion kinetic behaviors that are closely consistent. Here, we demonstrate a similar result can be obtained by formulating surrogate hydrocarbon fluid mixtures from distillation cuts of molecular class hydrocarbons or even real gas turbine fuels (for which the specific molecular species classes are no more than qualitatively known). Fully prevaporized chemical reactivities of hydrocarbon fluid surrogate mixtures and real jet fuels are compared using a high pressure flow reactor at 12.5 atm pressure, over the temperature range 500−1000 K, at stoichiometric conditions, and for the same fixed molar carbon content. Results are reported for two different real target jet fuels, a global average Jet-A (POSF 4658) used in numerous publications as a reference target fuel, and a military JP-8 (POSF 5699), both of which contain about 25−30% cycloalkanes (by weight). The surrogate mixture to emulate the Jet-A property targets was formulated from three (normal-paraffinic, iso-paraffinic, and alkyl-aromatic) commercial narrow distillation cut hydrocarbon fluids containing few cycloalkanes. The surrogate mixture for the JP-8 sample was formulated using two different (paraffinic, alkyl aromatic) hydrocarbon solvent cuts and a synthetic, iso-alkane jet fuel (IPK POSF 5642). The composition of the paraffinic fluid was nearly half cyclo paraffinic components (by weight) with similar fractions of normal and iso-paraffinic species. Experimental results for the Jet-A surrogate mixture closely parallel the data for the fully prevaporized Jet-A real fuel, as well for prior surrogate mixtures of n-decane/iso-octane/toluene and n-dodecane/iso-octane/n-propylbenzene/ 1,3,5-trimethyl benzene, all formulated to share the same combustion property targets. The reactivity comparisons for the JP-8 surrogate mixture and real fuel were of similar quality to the Jet-A comparisons but were improved in the reactivity transition characteristic of hot ignition to chemically branched kinetic conditions. The improvement is hypothesized to be mostly a result of cyclo alkane content differences between the specific surrogate mixtures compared to the real fuels. Sooting properties for the JP-8 hydrocarbon fluid surrogate and fuel are compared in fundamental diffusion flames and a model gas turbine combustor elsewhere. 1 The collective results support that surrogate fuels, each with similar fully prevaporized global combustion behaviors but different physical properties (viscosity, surface tension, class composition, distillation curve) and even different functional class distributions across their distillation curve, can be formulated using mixtures of hydrocarbon fluids. This ability can be used to advanta...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Experimental Parameters and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Emulating the Combustion Behavior of Real Jet Aviation Fuels by Surrogate Mixtures of Hydrocarbon Fluid Blends: Implications for Science and Engineering

et al. 2014

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“…A calibration factor of 3350 LII counts equals 1 ppm of soot is obtained using LE. A value ofm ¼ 1:57 À 0:56i is used as the refractive index of soot to be consistent with previous published work [19,21]. The estimated uncertainty in soot volume fraction measurement through laser extinction and calibration of LII data is 615%.…”

Section: Experimental Setup and Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 65%

“…The LE optical setup used for the model gas turbine combustor in this study is identical to the one used in Ref. [21]. The output signals from both photodiodes are converted to voltages using a transimpedance amplifier and then fed into a lock-in amplifier to reduce the noise from the surrounding environment.…”

Section: Experimental Setup and Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Fuel Molecular Weight on Emissions in a Jet Flame and a Model Gas Turbine Combustor

Makwana

Iyer

Linevsky

et al. 2017

Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power

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The objective of this study is to understand the effects of fuel volatility on soot emissions. This effect is investigated in two experimental configurations: a jet flame and a model gas turbine combustor. The jet flame provides information about the effects of fuel on the spatial development of aromatics and soot in an axisymmetric, co-flow, laminar flame. The data from the model gas turbine combustor illustrate the effect of fuel volatility on net soot production under conditions similar to an actual engine at cruise. Two fuels with different boiling points are investigated: n-heptane/n-dodecane mixture and n-hexadecane/n-dodecane mixture. The jet flames are nonpremixed and rich premixed flames in order to have fuel conditions similar to those in the primary zone of an aircraft engine combustor. The results from the jet flames indicate that the peak soot volume fraction produced in the n-hexadecane fuel is slightly higher as compared to the n-heptane fuel for both nonpremixed and premixed flames. Comparison of aromatics and soot volume fraction in nonpremixed and premixed flames shows significant differences in the spatial development of aromatics and soot along the downstream direction. The results from the model combustor indicate that, within experiment uncertainty, the net soot production is similar in both n-heptane and n-hexadecane fuel mixtures. Finally, we draw conclusions about important processes for soot formation in gas turbine combustor and what can be learned from laboratory-scale flames.

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Surrogate fuels and combustion characteristics of liquid transportation fuels

Dooley

Won

Dryer

2019

Computer Aided Chemical Engineering

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Simulating the Sooting Propensity of JP-8 with Surrogate Fuels from Hydrocarbon Fluids

Cited by 20 publications

References 22 publications

Emulating the Combustion Behavior of Real Jet Aviation Fuels by Surrogate Mixtures of Hydrocarbon Fluid Blends: Implications for Science and Engineering

Emulating the Combustion Behavior of Real Jet Aviation Fuels by Surrogate Mixtures of Hydrocarbon Fluid Blends: Implications for Science and Engineering

Effects of Fuel Molecular Weight on Emissions in a Jet Flame and a Model Gas Turbine Combustor

Surrogate fuels and combustion characteristics of liquid transportation fuels

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