Simulating the hot dip galvanizing process of high mast illumination poles. Part I: Finite element model development

Effects of galvanizing on residual stresses and stress concentrations in RHS X- and T-Connections

“…1), nearly the same steps are followed in all facilities. The immersion time for individual parts of a truss is strictly controlled (approximately five minutes for each connection) to produce the best coating quality [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. For cold-formed hollow structural section (HSS), similar to the heat treatment (also at 450°C) per ASTM A1085 Supplement S1 [11], or the Class H finish per CSA G40.20/G40.21 [12], the galvanizing temperature has little effect on the material strength and ductility as a higher temperature is needed to produce metallurgical changes.…”

“…For cold-formed hollow structural section (HSS), similar to the heat treatment (also at 450°C) per ASTM A1085 Supplement S1 [11], or the Class H finish per CSA G40.20/G40.21 [12], the galvanizing temperature has little effect on the material strength and ductility as a higher temperature is needed to produce metallurgical changes. However, this process inevitably changes the residual stress magnitudes and distributions in cold-formed HSS members [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. To facilitate the application of galvanized high-strength HSS in infrastructure projects, recent research [2,[6][7][8][9][10] showed that, for commonly specified crosssectional sizes, similar to the heat treatment per ASTM A1085 [11] and CSA G40.20/G40.21 [12], hot-dip galvanizing can improve member behaviours under axial compressive and flexural loads through effective partial residual stress relief.…”

“…Residual stress on welded joint surface: 250-400 MPa (1) RHS members (indirect-and direct-formed) [15] Nominal (2) RHS members (indirect-and direct-formed) [7] Nominal: 350 MPa Measured: 367-483 MPa (3) Cold forming Average of bending residual stresses over entire cross-section: 62%-80% of measured yield strengths (4) Galvanized RHS members (indirect-and direct-formed) [7] Nominal: 350 MPa Measured: 367-483 MPa (3) Cold forming and galvanizing Average of bending residual stresses over entire cross-section: 33%-50% of measured yield strengths (4) High-strength RHS members (direct-formed) [7] Nominal: 690 MPa Measured: 638-730 MPa (3) Cold forming Average of bending residual stresses over entire cross-section: 49%-69% of measured yield strengths (4) Galvanized high-strength RHS members (direct-formed) [7] Nominal: 690 MPa Measured: 638-730 MPa (3) Cold forming and galvanizing Average of bending residual stresses over entire cross-section: 24%-37% of measured yield strengths (4) (1) The residual stresses are measured on connection surface adjacent to weld seam, using the hole-drilling, X-ray diffraction or neutron diffraction approach. (2) The residual stresses are measured using the hole-drilling and sectioning approaches.…”

“…When galvanizing steel trusses of commonly specified sizes (Fig. 1), nearly the same steps are followed in all facilities [1][2][3][4][5]. The dipping and withdrawing rates are carefully controlled to ensure sufficient reactivity and in turn good coverage and quality of coating.…”

Numerical Simulation and Experimental Investigation of Temperature and Residual Stress Distributions in a Circular Patch Welded Structure

“…As mentioned earlier in the text, the circular disk and plate were free welded without any mechanical fixtures, but they were included in the mechanical analysis to prevent the motion of the model as a rigid body, as shown in Figure 1a. The weld filler and base material were considered as homogeneous elastic-perfectly plastic materials that yield according to the von Mises criterion and the associated flow rule [41,42]. Due to the lack of temperature dependent thermal and mechanical data for the weld filler, they were assumed equal to the base metal ones.…”