Simulating Quar-Maharlu Aquifer in Fars Province, Iran, and Optimizing Artificial Recharge Using PMWIN Model

Abstract

Background: The improper exploitation of water resources by humans has disrupted the natural balance of groundwater. Given the water resources restriction, it is crucial to manage these resources properly, recognize the current situation, and anticipate the harvesting or feeding effects. In this regard, simulators or models can act as valuable tools. Methods: In this research, we performed quantitative modeling of groundwater flow in the Quar-Maharlu plain, Fars Province, Iran using the PMWIN software. The model included three years’ calibration (2011-2014) for hydraulic conductivity coefficient and one year’s verification (2014-2015). To evaluate the model error in calibration and verification, the root mean square deviation (RMSD) was used. After simulating the aquifer to optimize the artificial recharge location by the flood spreading method, different scenarios were defined and examined by considering the natural and artificial factors. Results: The RMSD values for calibration were 1.55, 1.49, and 1.56 m for 2011, 2012, and 2013, respectively. The RMSD for verification of one year was 1.77 m, indicating the acceptable ability of the model to predict groundwater flow parameters. The stock variation for the whole aquifer was -8.88 mm3 in 2014. In the next step, the best recharging location was selected to create the maximum head increase (5.3cm) in the entire area of the plain. Conclusion: One of the effective ways to offset the negative balance is to strengthen the aquifer through artificial recharge.

Comparison between MODFLOW Groundwater Modeling with Traditional and Distributed Recharge

“…Groundwater modeling was performed using the PMWIN-MODFLOW software (version 8.0.40) [40] and following the methodology described in Figure 1. The main motivation for the use of PMWIN-MODFLOW was that it allows for distributed aquifer monitoring and, subsequently, the possibility of carrying out future studies, such as research on the transport of potentially toxic elements [41][42][43]. This model was selected because it fits the needs of the project.…”