Simulating particle organic matter dispersal beneath Atlantic salmon fish farms using different resuspension approaches

Carvajalino-Fernández, Marcos Antonio; Sævik, Pål Næverlid; Johnsen, Ingrid Askeland; Albretsen, Jon; Keeley, Nigel

doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111685

Cited by 15 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Atmospheric forcing was provided by the Meteorological Co-operation on Operational Numerical Weather Prediction (AROME-MetCoOp;Mu ¨ller et al, 2017), tidal forcing was imposed based on the global inverse barotropic model of ocean tides (TPXO7.2; Egbert and Erofeeva, 2002), and river runoff was incorporated using daily discharge data provided by the Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate. The model performance has been evaluated in detail by Dalsøren et al (2020), and the model has been applied in various biophysical studies in Norwegian fjords (e.g., Skarðhamar et al, 2018;Myksvoll et al, 2020;Carvajalino-Ferna ´ndez et al, 2020). In Kaldfjorden, the model simulation was evaluated against hydrographic observations (temperature and salinity) taken monthly at three cross-fjord transects (Jones et al, 2020) and against current observations from two bottom-moored, upward-looking ADCP that were deployed about 3.7 km north and 1.5 km south of KaF, respectively; Blom, 2021).…”

Section: Hydrographic Model Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Pelagic ecosystem dynamics between late autumn and the post spring bloom in a sub-Arctic fjord

Walker

Wiedmann

Nikolopoulos

et al. 2022

Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene

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Marine ecosystems, and particularly fjords, are experiencing an increasing level of human activity on a year-round basis, including the poorly studied winter period. To improve the knowledge base for environmentally sustainable management in all seasons, this study provides hydrographic and biological baseline data for the sub-Arctic fjord Kaldfjorden, Northern Norway (69.7° N, 18.7° E), between autumn 2017 and spring 2018. Field observations are integrated with results of a numerical ocean model simulation, illustrating how pelagic biomass, represented by chlorophyll a (Chl a), particulate organic carbon (POC), and zooplankton, is affected by stratification and circulation from October to May. We observed an unusually warm autumn that likely delayed the onset of cooling and may have supported the high abundances of holoplankton and meroplankton (5768 individuals m–3). With the onset of winter, the water column cooled and became vertically mixed, while suspended Chl a concentrations declined rapidly (< 0.12 mg Chl a m–3). In January and February, suspended POC concentrations and downward flux were elevated near the seafloor. The hydrodynamic model results indicate that the strongest currents at depth occurred in these months, potentially inducing resuspension events close to the seafloor. In spring (April), peak abundances of suspended biomass were observed (6.9–7.2 mg Chl a m–3 at 5–15 m; 9952 zooplankton ind. m–3 at 0–100 m), and field observations and model results suggest that zooplankton of Atlantic origin were probably advected into Kaldfjorden. During all investigated seasons, the model simulation suggests a complex circulation pattern, even in such a small fjord, which can have implications for environmental management of the fjord. We conclude that the pelagic system in Kaldfjorden changes continually from autumn to spring and that winter must be seen as a dynamic period, not a season where the fjord ecosystem is ‘at rest’.

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Section: Hydrographic Model Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Pelagic ecosystem dynamics between late autumn and the post spring bloom in a sub-Arctic fjord

Walker

Wiedmann

Nikolopoulos

et al. 2022

Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The model has been shown to realistically reproduce hydrography and currents in the Alta Fjord and other Norwegian fjords and coastal areas, with typical accuracy within one unit of both salinity and temperature in the surface layer (Skarðhamar et al, 2018;Asplin et al, 2020;Dalsøren et al, 2020). Further model details and examples of recent applications can be found in Skarðhamar et al (2018Skarðhamar et al ( , 2019, Carvajalino-Fernández et al (2020), Dalsøren et al (2020), andMyksvoll et al (2020).…”

Section: Hydrodynamic Modellingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Micro- and macro-habitat selection of Atlantic salmon,Salmo salar, post-smolts in relation to marine environmental cues

Jensen

Strøm

Nikolopoulos

et al. 2022

ICES Journal of Marine Science

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Atlantic salmon is an economically and culturally important species. The species encounters several natural and man-made threats during its migration between fresh water and the ocean, which in combination may explain its ongoing decline. With the aim to better understand whether post-smolt behaviour is influenced by physical oceanographic conditions, the migratory behaviour of 173 post-smolts in a high-latitude Norwegian fjord was investigated, combining acoustic telemetry with site- and time-specific environmental variables from an oceanographic model. Most post-smolts (94%) performed a unidirectional migration out the fjord. Progression rates were relatively high (0.42–2.41 km h−1; 0.84–3.78 BL s−1) and increased with distance from the river. While post-smolts had an affinity for lower salinities in the inner fjord, statistical models failed to detect any significant relationship between the small-scale (within arrays) migratory behaviour and salinity, temperature, or coastal surface currents within the fjord. In the outer part, the post-smolts predominantly exited the fjord system through the strait with the highest surface salinities and lowest temperatures, independently of the current direction. Our findings indicate that the macro-habitat selection of the Atlantic salmon post-smolts was influenced by environmental factors: the post-smolts directed their migration towards “ocean cues.” However, this was not confirmed on the micro-habitat level.

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“…There is evidence that the bottom type may impact on the resuspension (Carvajalino-Fernández et al, 2020), though we have not explicitly taken this into consideration here. The effects of resuspension are probably not underestimated since we have used a critical shear velocity for resuspension very close to the parameter used by Kuhrts et al (2004) for the "fluff " layer of fine matter.…”

Section: Sinking Speeds and Transportmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dispersal and Deposition of Detritus From Kelp Cultivation

2022

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A high resolution coastal and ocean hydrodynamic model system was used to investigate the transport and deposition patterns of Particulate Organic Matter (POM) from kelp farmed at three locations of different properties: a sheltered location, an exposed location, and an offshore location. Published values on the sinking speeds of organic particles from kelp were used, spanning several orders of magnitude. Recent work on quantifying the release of particulate organic matter from farmed kelp was used to link the release of carbon to possible cultivation volumes and scenarios, and finally to link this to the potential for carbon loading on the ocean floor. The results are presented in terms of loading and distribution per unit harvested kelp, and the loading estimates are compared with estimates of natural (background) primary production. According to the simulation results, organic matter may be transported anything from a few (hundred) meters up to a hundred km away from the release site, depending on the sinking rates, time of release, and the location. The depth at which the matter settles on the sea floor likewise depends on the properties of the matter and the sites. The time until settlement varied from minutes to several hundred hours. The results underscore the importance of constraining the dispersal and deposition of detritus from kelp cultivation in order to better understand and quantify associated environmental risks posed by organic loading, and the potential for seafloor carbon sequestration by kelp farming as a nature based climate solution.

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Simulating particle organic matter dispersal beneath Atlantic salmon fish farms using different resuspension approaches

Cited by 15 publications

References 52 publications

Pelagic ecosystem dynamics between late autumn and the post spring bloom in a sub-Arctic fjord

Pelagic ecosystem dynamics between late autumn and the post spring bloom in a sub-Arctic fjord

Micro- and macro-habitat selection of Atlantic salmon,Salmo salar, post-smolts in relation to marine environmental cues

Dispersal and Deposition of Detritus From Kelp Cultivation

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