Simulating On-the-Road Behavior Using a Driving Simulator

Abstract

Abstract-In this paper, we summarize the initial results with regard to the question to what extent driving simulators can be used to serve as cheap and easy realizable environments for simulating on-the-road behavior. The aim of these first studies was to determine whether or not it is possible to replace real driving studies with experiments and furthermore, to identify parameters and/or restrictions for a second experimental series with improved settings. We have conducted two studies comparing the driver's reaction time in real and simulated environments with the final goal to provide a universal metric describing the differences in reaction time. The events were, in the case of simulation, triggered trace-driven or, in the real driving experiment, manually activated by the experimenter and notifications were forwarded to the driver using either a visual, auditory, or haptic sensory channel. The comparison of the two studies showed that (i) both settings provide similar results for the order of average response using the three feedback modalities and (ii) the experiment using a simulator performed, for the measure of reaction time, better in the range of 13% compared to the real driving study (the reason for this result is most likely caused by the fact that driving in a real world environment is much more challenging than in a driving simulator).

Determinants of take-over time from automated driving: A meta-analysis of 129 studies

“…Fifth, nearly all included studies were conducted in a driving simulator. Despite advantages such as controllability and safety, driving simulators have limited fidelity, which raises the issue about behavioural validity (De Winter, Van Leeuwen, & Happee, 2012;Green, 2000;Kaptein, Theeuwes, & Van der Horst, 1996;Riener, 2010;Risto & Martens, 2014). Also, the driver's level of perceived risk perception may be low in simulators as compared to on-road conditions (Carsten & Jamson, 2011), which could discourage a fast take-over response.…”

A Heterogeneous Traffic Virtual-Reality Simulator to Study Irritation/Anger and Driving Behavior under Adverse Conditions

“…That is, due to the response time constraints imposed by the VR glasses in field-of-view and the haptic feedback from the steering wheel. However, a study [16] that compared the reaction time in the virtual simulator and in real driving experiment found the results were near similar for both conditions with reactions times in the virtual simulator being just slightly better than in the real-driving experiment.…”

Simulieren was selten geschieht. Nutzerzentrierte Entwicklung mobiler Simulatoren für komplexe maritime Großschadenslagen

“…Jedoch sind derzeit für maritime Großschadenslagen vorrangig Insellösungen verfügbar, die keine organisationsübergreifenden Trainingsszenarien zulassen und damit nicht zur Simulation geeignet sind. Es besteht Bedarf an modularen, vernetzten Simulatoren, die mit einem zentralen Instruktionszentrum verbunden sind (Riener 2010). Darüber hinaus fehlen Simulatoren für mobile, modulare und multifunktionale Operationsstationen (MOS -Mobile Operation Station), die beispielsweise einen Schiffsführer-, Helikopter-und Leitstellenarbeitsplatz simulieren und somit die Breite der Tätigkeiten der Rettungskräfte bei einer maritimen Großschadenslage abbilden können (Lübcke et al 2015).…”