Simulating Human and Environmental Exposure from Hand-Held Knapsack Pesticide Application: Be-WetSpa-Pest, an Integrative, Spatially Explicit Modeling Approach

Abstract

This paper presents an integrative and spatially explicit modeling approach for analyzing human and environmental exposure from pesticide application of smallholders in the potato-producing Andean region in Colombia. The modeling approach fulfills the following criteria: (i) it includes environmental and human compartments; (ii) it contains a behavioral decision-making model for estimating the effect of policies on pesticide flows to humans and the environment; (iii) it is spatially explicit; and (iv) it is modular and easily expandable to include additional modules, crops, or technologies. The model was calibrated and validated for the Vereda La Hoya and was used to explore the effect of different policy measures in the region. The model has moderate data requirements and can be adapted relatively easily to other regions in developing countries with similar conditions.

Preparation and Characterization of Size-Controlled Nanoparticles for High-Loading λ-Cyhalothrin Delivery through Flash Nanoprecipitation

“…24 Even with protective measures, organic solvents can easily penetrate through the skin. 25,26 Thus, workers who handle pesticides are exposed to potentially acute chemical damage. In contrast, the solid LC cores are protected by PEG-PDLLA in the LC-loaded nanosuspension.…”

“…In addition, a common critique of ME and EW formulations is that acute toxicity and high rates of penetration cause potential risks to nontarget organisms and human health . Even with protective measures, organic solvents can easily penetrate through the skin. , Thus, workers who handle pesticides are exposed to potentially acute chemical damage. In contrast, the solid LC cores are protected by PEG-PDLLA in the LC-loaded nanosuspension.…”

The Pluralistic Water Research Concept: A New Human-Water System Research Approach

“…Sivapalan et al [22] proposed socio-hydrology as a use-inspired scientific discipline to study real-world systems across gradients of climate, socioeconomic status, ecological degradation and human management. More recently, Binder et al [26] proposed the first spatially explicit coupled behavioral, hydrological and fate-of-pesticide model able to consider the impact of farmers training policies at the catchment level. Mount et al [27] synthesized opportunities and challenges that socio-hydrology presents for data-driven modelling adaptation and community learning are implemented through the behavioral model.…”

“…Mount et al [27] synthesized opportunities and challenges that socio-hydrology presents for data-driven modelling adaptation and community learning are implemented through the behavioral model. Van Emmerik et al [26] investigated the irrigation in the Murrumbidgee River system in Australia and analyzed the interrelationship in the use of water resource from downstream to upstream. Baldassarre et al [6] looked into understanding human-flood interaction in the flood plain by investigating the "levee effect".…”

Coumarin-Containing Light-Responsive Carboxymethyl Chitosan Micelles as Nanocarriers for Controlled Release of Pesticide

“…The advantages of controlled release formulations (CRFs) of pesticides over conventional formulations include (i) reducing losses induced by evaporation and leaching [ 8 , 9 ], (ii) prolonging effective lifetime [ 10 ], (iii) protecting the active ingredients against environmental degradation by photo, heat, humidity and microorganisms [ 11 , 12 , 13 ], (iv) minimizing residues in the environment, agricultural products and food chain [ 14 ] and (v) reducing toxicity for nontarget organisms including humans [ 15 ]. Therefore, much academic and industrial effort has been devoted to the improvement of CRFs of pesticides that ensure the agricultural yields through an environmentally friendly approach [ 3 , 16 , 17 ].…”