Simulated Use of YY Male Stocking and Suppression for Eradicating Common Carp Populations

Abstract

The introduction and subsequent spread of Common Carp Cyprinus carpio throughout the world represent one of the most destructive and pervasive forces impacting aquatic ecosystems. Herein we use computer simulations to predict if stocking YY male carp in conjunction with manual netting or piscicide use could eradicate invasive Common Carp populations. Two forms of YY males were evaluated, including sperm-producing (M YY ) and egg-producing (F YY ) fish. A stochastic individual-based population model was used to evaluate the effects of simulated management actions on both the abundance and extirpation probabilities of high-and low-density populations. Results predicted that some YY male stocking scenarios alone could eradicate carp populations. For example, when stocking F YY carp into low-density populations, predicted extirpation probabilities exceeded 0.87 when stocking at least 50 carp/ha was maintained for at least 10 years. Additionally, a one-time use of rotenone (to reduce the virtual population by 90%) plus stocking at least 50 F YY carp/ha for at least 5 years into low-density populations resulted in predicted extirpation probabilities exceeding 0.88. Favorable extirpation probabilities were also obtained by combining YY male stocking and either selective (i.e., no culling of stocked YY males) or non-selective annual suppression. For example, F YY stocking with only 10% sustained, non-selective suppression yielded extinction probabilities exceeding 95% in 15 years, while increasing suppression levels to 50% resulted in extirpation probabilities over 95% within 5 years. Without exception, M YY stocking functioned far less efficiently in simulations than F YY stocking, but M YY carp did work in a small subset of low-density scenarios and may also have prophylactic utility where prior eradication has occurred and where there is a high risk of re-invasion. We conclude that stocking of YY male Common Carp is worthy of field testing, but additional simulations are needed to explore other questions not addressed in this study.

Population Dynamics and Harvest Management of the Bonneville Cutthroat Trout Fishery in Bear Lake, Idaho–Utah

“…Density-dependent processes can influence growth, survival, and other vital rates of fish (Jenkins et al 1999). Therefore, we also developed a deterministic, female-based Leslie matrix (results not shown here) that incorporated a density-dependent function on survival (Caswell 2001;McCormick et al 2021). The Leslie matrix model showed similar results as the Beverton-Holt yieldper-recruit model (i.e., sustainable harvest of wild BCT at a two-fish limit), but we opted to use the Beverton-Holt model for its simplicity and clarity.…”

The Development of Genetic Sex Identification Markers and Evidence of a Male Heterogametic Sex Determination System in Red Shiner

“…2020; McCormick et al. 2021) by skewing a population's sex ratio toward males. Carriers of TSCs are either (1) YY individuals, which are males or females that are homozygous for the male‐coding region of the genome in fishes with a chromosomal XY‐male/XX‐female sex determination system; or (2) ZZ females, which are phenotypically feminized males in fishes with a chromosomal ZW‐female/ZZ‐male sex determination system (Gutierrez and Teem 2006; Senior et al.…”

“…2017; McCormick et al. 2021). Spawns involving YY individuals or ZZ females produce all‐male offspring (Senior et al.…”

“…Over the past decade, an increasing number of models has shown that releases of fish carrying Trojan sex chromosomes (TSCs) could eradicate invasive populations (Gutierrez and Teem 2006;Senior et al 2013;Schill et al 2017;Teem et al 2020;McCormick et al 2021) by skewing a population's sex ratio toward males. Carriers of TSCs are either (1) YY individuals, which are males or females that are homozygous for the male-coding region of the genome in fishes with a chromosomal XY-male/ XX-female sex determination system; or (2) ZZ females, which are phenotypically feminized males in fishes with a chromosomal ZW-female/ZZ-male sex determination system (Gutierrez and Teem 2006;Senior et al 2013;Schill et al 2017;McCormick et al 2021). Spawns involving YY individuals or ZZ females produce all-male offspring (Senior et al 2013).…”

On Large and Small Data Blow-Up Solutions in the Trojan Y Chromosome Model

“…The recent advancement with gene drive technology makes this approach even more promising, from both modeling and practical standpoints [11][12][13][14]. The Trojan Y chromosome strategy (TYC) is a promising genetic biocontrol strategy which circumvents the detriment due to chemical control [15][16][17][18][19]. It involves introducing a YY male or YY male and feminised YY male into an invasive population with an XX-XY sex determinism system.…”