Simplified Space-heating Distribution Using Radiators in Super-insulated Apartment Buildings

Georges, Laurent; Wen, Kang; Alonso, María Justo; Berge, Magnar; Thomsen, Judith; Wang, Ruzhu

doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2016.09.177

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Berge et al [26] conducted long-term measurements in highly-insulated apartments in Norway in combination with occupant surveys and found that extensive window opening was common to reach the desired lower temperatures in bedrooms. A limited number of papers has investigated the influence of the building insulation level (including partition walls), building thermal mass and the control of the heating and ventilation systems on the thermal zoning and the corresponding space heating (SH) needs [27,28,29]. The control of the heating system of a building is essential for deploying its energy flexibility potential.…”

Section: Nomenclaturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to the PH and ZEB levels, the requirements of two older Norwegian building regulations, TEK87 and TEK10, are considered. For each performance level, Table 1 provides an overview of their thermal characteristics taken from [52]. Except for the TEK87, all the building insulation levels require balanced mechanical ventilation.…”

Section: Building Envelopementioning

confidence: 99%

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Predictive rule-based control to activate the energy flexibility of Norwegian residential buildings: Case of an air-source heat pump and direct electric heating

et al. 2019

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The building energy flexibility potential of a Norwegian single-family detached house is investigated using predictive rule-based control (PRBC) and building performance simulation (using IDA ICE). Norwegian timber buildings are lightweight and four different insulation levels are considered. Both onoff and modulating air-source heat pumps are analyzed and compared to direct electric heating which is the most common heating system for Norwegian residential buildings. A detailed model for both the heat pump system and the building is implemented, a level of detail not found in previous research on building energy flexibility. The three PRBC investigated have the following objectives: reduce energy costs for heating, reduce annual CO2eq. emissions and reduce energy use for heating during peak hours. This last objective is probably the most strategic in the Norwegian context where cheap electricity is mainly produced by hydropower. The results show that the price-based control does not generate cost savings because lower electricity prices are outweighed by the increase in electricity use for heating. The implemented price-based control would create cost savings in electricity markets with higher daily fluctuations in electricity prices, such as Denmark. For the same reasons, the carbon-based control cannot reduce the yearly CO2eq. emissions due to limited daily fluctuations in the average CO2eq. intensity of the Norwegian electricity mix. On the contrary, the PRBC that reduces the energy use for heating during peak hours turns out to be very efficient, especially for direct electric heating. For air-source heat pumps, the control of the heat pump system is complex and reduces the performance of the three PRBC. Therefore, results suggest that a heat pump system should be modeled with enough detail for a proper assessment of the building energy flexibility. First, by varying temperature set-points there is a clear interaction between the prioritization of domestic hot water and the control of auxiliary heaters which increases energy use significantly. Second, the hysteresis of the heat pump control and the minimum cycle duration prevent the heat pump from stopping immediately after the PRBC requires it. Finally, the paper shows that the influence of thermal zoning, investigated here by cold bedrooms with closed doors, has a limited impact on the building energy flexibility potential and the risk of opening bedroom windows.

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Section: Nomenclaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Building Envelopementioning

confidence: 99%

Predictive rule-based control to activate the energy flexibility of Norwegian residential buildings: Case of an air-source heat pump and direct electric heating

et al. 2019

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“…Low temperature in bedrooms is difficult to achieve without window opening which eventually leads to a significant increase of the space-heating needs. This is especially true when there is a desire for higher temperatures in the rest of the building [14][15][16][17][18]. One key characteristic of DSM is user acceptability, i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of thermal zoning and electric radiator control on the energy flexibility potential of Norwegian detached houses

et al. 2019

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Energy flexibility of buildings can be used to reduce energy use and costs, peak power, CO2eq- emissions or to increase self-consumption of on-site electricity generation. Thermal mass activation proved to have a large potential for energy flexible operation. The indoor temperature is then allowed to fluctuate between a minimum and maximum value. Many studies investigating thermal mass activation consider electric radiators. Nevertheless, these studies most often assume that radiators modulate their emitted power, while, in reality, they are typically operated using thermostat (on-off) control. Firstly, this article aims at comparing the energy flexibility potential of thermostat and P-controls for Norwegian detached houses using detailed dynamic simulations (here IDA ICE). It is evaluated whether the thermostat converges to a P-control for a large number of identical buildings. As the buildings are getting better insulated, the impact of internal heat gains (IHG) becomes increasingly important. Therefore, the influence of different IHG profiles has been evaluated in the context of energy flexibility. Secondly, most studies about energy flexibility consider a single indoor temperature. This is questionable in residential buildings where people may want different temperature zones. This is critical in Norway where many occupants want cold bedrooms (~16°C) during winter time and open bedroom windows for this purpose. This article answers to these questions for two different building insulation levels and two construction modes (heavy and lightweight).

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Simplified Space-Heating Distribution using Radiators in Super-Insulated Terraced Houses

2017

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Simplified Space-heating Distribution Using Radiators in Super-insulated Apartment Buildings

Cited by 9 publications

References 7 publications

Predictive rule-based control to activate the energy flexibility of Norwegian residential buildings: Case of an air-source heat pump and direct electric heating

Predictive rule-based control to activate the energy flexibility of Norwegian residential buildings: Case of an air-source heat pump and direct electric heating

Influence of thermal zoning and electric radiator control on the energy flexibility potential of Norwegian detached houses

Simplified Space-Heating Distribution using Radiators in Super-Insulated Terraced Houses

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