Simplified purification of chondroitin sulphate from scapular cartilage of shortfin mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus)

Abstract

Chondroitin sulphate (ChS) from the scapular cartilage of the shortfin mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus) was purified by two-stage enzymatic hydrolysis and a fractional precipitation process using isopropyl alcohol. Characteristics of the ChS fraction were investigated using cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis and FT-IR spectra. A maximum hydrolysis rate of 78.26% was achieved with 1.35% (w ⁄ w) Alcalase and 1.20% (w ⁄ w) Flavourzyme. A minimum nitrogen content of 2.89% was obtained with 1.43% (w ⁄ w) Alcalase and 1.33% (w ⁄ w) Flavourzyme, as determined by response surface methodology. The precipitation of ChS from the enzymatic hydrolysates was optimised at 40% (v ⁄ v) isopropyl alcohol, which contained 2% (w ⁄ v) NaCl to lower the nitrogen content. The precipitate was further purified via membrane filtration (molecular-weight cut-off, 3 kDa) to remove salt and low-molecular-weight materials. The ChS purified by enzymatic hydrolysis, isopropyl alcohol precipitation and membrane filtration was identified as ChS C by electrophoresis and FT-IR spectra.

Characteristics of the Thermal Degradation of Glucose and Maltose Solutions

“…There was a clear darkening of heated glucose and maltose solutions, evaluated by a decrease in the L-value, and a significant development of color expressed through the increase of heated glucose and maltose solution (3,5). Also, glucose and maltose thermal degradation products such as furfural, 5-methylfurfural, and HMF increase darkness (18). …”

“…At a given heating temperature, higher times gave lower pH values. The pH decrease with high temperature and high pressure can be attributed to the increase in yields of organic acids such as formic acid, lactic acid and levulinic acid (18–20). High temperatures, high pressures and heating times seem to promote the production of organic acids.…”

“…They often occur during the preparation of traditional sucrose syrups and caramels, which are extensively used in confectionery and pastry products (22). The case of heat treatment on fructose was formed than heat degradation products such as furfural, 5-methylfurfural, HMF, formic acid, lactic acid, and levulinic acid (18). …”

Chondroitin sulphate: a focus on osteoarthritis

“…Recently, a two-step enzymatic processing with alcalase and flavourzyme showed better yields of degradation with a significant reduction of time-processing [33]. Various types of other enzymes are also involved in biosynthesis of CS affecting its metabolism, involved in differentiation, cellular proliferation, development, regeneration and repair in the disease.…”

Chondroitin Sulfate, Hyaluronic Acid and Chitin/Chitosan Production Using Marine Waste Sources: Characteristics, Applications and Eco-Friendly Processes: A Review

“…, from skeletons, skins, viscera, heads, etc. [8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22]. Bearing in mind the number of applications and the economical value of final products, glycosaminoglycans and chitin are two of the most important and relevant compounds to upgrade from marine wastes [23].…”