Simplified equations for mesh and step voltages in an AC substation

Thapar, B.; Gerez, V.; Balakrishnan, Arun A.; Blank, David A.

doi:10.1109/61.131117

Cited by 34 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Dua alasan penting sehubungan dengan pemakaian sistem pembumian model grid [11], adalah (i) di dalam suatu GI, sebuah batang elektrode bumi tunggal tidak cukup untuk penjaminan keamanan sistem pembumian, sehingga dalam perkembangannya, ketika beberapa batang elektrode bumi dihubungkan satu dengan lainnya dan dihubungkan ke semua bagian netral peralatan elektrik, body mesin, dan struktur bangunan suatu gedung, dihasilkan sebuah bentuk grid pembumian dengan elektrode bumi dan (ii) untuk kondisi dimana nilai arus disipasi ke dalam tanah tinggi, hal ini perlu pemasangan sistem pembumian model grid dengan nilai resistans rendah untuk penjaminan, bahwa gradien tegangan tidak terbangkitkan sebagai tegangan permukaan yang berbahaya bagi seseorang. Kombinasi elektrode bumi dan grid diperoleh keuntungan [11], yaitu (i) bentuk grid pada sistem pembumian sangat efektif dalam pengurangan bahaya tegangan langkah (step voltage, E step ) dan tegangan sentuh (touch voltage, E touch ) pada permukaan tanah, saat grid ditanam pada kedalaman 0,3-0,5 meter di bawah permukaan bumi [34], [35]; (ii) elektrode bumi tertanam di dalam bumi sangat efektif dalam penetralisasian nilai arus gangguan apabila bertemu dengan tanah bumi yang berlapislapis dan lapisan tanah tersebut dengan nilai resistivitas elektrik lebih tinggi dari lapisan di bawahnya; dan (iii) jika elektrode bumi yang dipasang lebih tertonjolkan sepanjang sekeliling grid dalam kondisi tanah yang tidak uniform (seragam), elektrode bumi berpotensi sebagai penambah nilai gradien tegangan dekat cabang di sekelilingnya. Keadaan umum keberadaan elektrode bumi dalam sistem pembumian terdapat 2 (dua) grup pembumian, yaitu (i) grup elektrode bumi utama dan (ii) grup elektrode bumi bantu [25]- [30].…”

Section: Konsepsi Umum Dasar-dasar Pelaksanaan Prosedurunclassified

Tinjauan Teoritis pada Pelaksanaan Prosedur Konstruksi Sistem Pembumian Model Grid di Gardu Induk

Goeritno

2018

JIS

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Graphical abstract mulai Data Lapangan: Aground ; rground Ukuran Konduktor: 3I0 ; ttrouble ; d Tegangan Sentuh dan Langkah: Etouch60 ; Estep60 Parameter Konduktor: D ; N ; Ltot. ; H Data Resistans Grid: Rground ; Lcond. ; lrod Perubahan Parameter Konduktor: D ; N ; Ltot. A B C D Apakah: I . Rground < Etouch? Apakah: Emesh < Etouch? Penggunaan Sejumlah Persamaan Bersesuaian, kemudian dihitung: Emesh ; Estep ; Kmesh ; Kstep ; Ki ; Kii ; Kh Apakah: Estep < Etouch? Hasil Proses Prosedur Pelaksanaan selesai ya ya ya tidak tidak tidak A B C Penggunaan Sejumlah Persamaan Bersesuaian, kemudian dihitung: Igrid, maks. ; tf D Abstract A theoretical review into implementation of construction procedure for the grounding grid system at substation has been done. The construction procedure based on a number of International standards, through a number of objectives in the form of (a) determination of conductor and connection selection; (b) determination of soil conditions; (c) calculating the value of earth resistance in the ground system; (d) maximum grid current calculation; and (e) calculation of mesh voltages and steps, and (f) flow chart of construction implementation procedures. The selection of conductors and connections, including (i) material and the size of the conductor and (ii) the connections. Determination of soil conditions, including structure, resistivity, and soil model. Calculation of the earth resistance value in the grounding grid system is based on the number of layers soil and soil uniformity. Maximum grid current calculation, including (i) determination of the location and type of worst disturbance, (ii) calculation of the noise current dividing factor, (iii) the calculation of the descending factor, (iv) the determination of the projection correction factor. Mesh and step voltage calculations include (i) mesh voltage and (ii) step voltage, (iii) limits for mesh and step voltage, and (iv) minimum length of embedded conductor. The flowchart of the implementation of construction procedure for the grounding grids system at substation is a sequence of criteria that must be met for the acquisition of an efficient security system, but safe for humans according to IEEE standards Abstrak Telah dilakukan tinjauan teoritis pelaksanaan untuk perolehan prosedur konstruksi terhadap sistem pembumian model grid di gardu induk. Prosedur konstruksi didasarkan kepada sejumlah standar Internasional, melalui sejumlah tujuan berupa (a) penetapan pemilihan konduktor dan sambungan; (b) penentuan kondisi tanah; (c) perhitungan nilai resistans bumi pada sistem pembumian; (d) perhitungan arus grid maksimum; dan (e) perhitungan tegangan mesh dan langkah, dan (f) diagram alir prosedur pelaksanaan konstruksi. Pemilihan konduktor dan sambungan, meliputi (i) material dan ukuran konduktor dan (ii) sambungan. Penentuan kondisi tanah, meliputi struktur, resis...

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Section: Konsepsi Umum Dasar-dasar Pelaksanaan Prosedurunclassified

Tinjauan Teoritis pada Pelaksanaan Prosedur Konstruksi Sistem Pembumian Model Grid di Gardu Induk

Goeritno

2018

JIS

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“…[1], [3], [11].The mesh voltage is plotted against depth of grid burial for grid type S1, S2, S3 and S4 is shown in Figs.1 and 2 for cases 1 and 2 respectively. For the same grid depth, at 0.5 m, mesh voltage decreases as number of meshes increases.…”

Section: Mesh Voltagementioning

confidence: 99%

Grounding Grid Performance of Substation in Two Layer Soil - A Parametric Analysis

Unde¹,

Kushare²

2012

IJESET

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During ground faults, fault current flows in the ground which results in potential gradient and ground potential rise (GPR). The potential gradient affects the safety of operating person due to step and touch voltage and GPR affects the insulation of protective devices and control cables. The potential gradient and GPR are the functions of ground electrode geometry. In this paper, performance assessment and analysis of grounding grid is carried out for different types of grid electrodes with two layer soil model for both positive and negative reflection factor K. The simulation is carried out to evaluate grounding grid performance indices such as Ground

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“…Empirical formulas of IEEE Standard 80 [1] have been widely used by design engineers for a long time. These formulas have a number of limitations and are suitable for only square or nearly square grids placed in homogeneous soil [2][3][4]. Recently, a number of algorithms have been reported [5,6] for analysis and design of grounding systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(3). The average potential of segment I because of current I j dissipated by segment j can be found by integration of Eq.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Grounding System Analysis with Satellite Electrode for High-resistivity Limited-area Substations and Impact of Vertical Fault

Kumar

Seedhar

2011

Electric Power Components and Systems

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This article proposes a new method of grounding system analysis in the presence of a satellite electrode determining grounding resistance, step and touch voltages, and earth surface potential distribution considering the impact of depth of tie-wires. The impact of lateral variation of vertical fault has also been studied for safe and touch potentials along the length of tie-wire. A computer program called "grounding system analysis in the presence of vertical fault" has been developed. The validation of the program has been carried out for the problem available in the literature. An experimental analysis has been carried out for a grounding system with ring and rod electrodes placed in soils of different resistivity separated by a vertical fault. A parametric study has been carried out on two square grids laid in the earth on both sides of the vertical fault connected together by an underground tie-wire and with the tie-wire only for comparison. The impact of the depth of the tie-wire and lateral variation of the vertical fault has been studied for determining ground resistance, step and touch voltages, and earth surface potentials near the square grids, as well as along the length of the tie-wire.

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Simplified equations for mesh and step voltages in an AC substation

Cited by 34 publications

References 9 publications

Tinjauan Teoritis pada Pelaksanaan Prosedur Konstruksi Sistem Pembumian Model Grid di Gardu Induk

Tinjauan Teoritis pada Pelaksanaan Prosedur Konstruksi Sistem Pembumian Model Grid di Gardu Induk

Grounding Grid Performance of Substation in Two Layer Soil - A Parametric Analysis

Grounding System Analysis with Satellite Electrode for High-resistivity Limited-area Substations and Impact of Vertical Fault

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