Simple ventilators for emergency use based on Bag-Valve pressing systems: Lessons learned and future steps

Castro-Camus, E.; Ornik, Jan; Mach, Cornelius; Hernandez-Cardoso, G. G.; Savalia, Bhushan; Taiber, Jochen; Ruiz-Marquez, Armando; Kesper, Karl; Konde, Srumika; Sommer, Caroline; Wiener, Julian; Geisel, David; Hüppe, Franziska; Kräling, Gunter; Nguyen, Johnny; Wiesmann, Thomas; Beutel, Björn; Koch, Martin

doi:10.1101/2020.04.29.20084749

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…It features assist control and an over-pressure alarm. Next work dealing with simple ventilator is [13]. The experimental results were consistent with clinical requirements from the view of achieved volume and pressure.…”

Section: Related Worksupporting

confidence: 60%

A Portable BVM-based Emergency Mechanical Ventilator

Živčák

Kelemen

Virgala

et al. 2021

2021 IEEE 19th World Symposium on Applied Machine Intelligence and Informatics (SAMI)

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The paper deals with development of an artificial lung ventilation. The aim of the paper is to present developed ventilator based on bag-valve-mask, which could be used as alternative to mechanical ventilator in critical situations related to COVID-19. At first, we present basic principles of positive pressure ventilation. Subsequently, we introduce a requirements to emergency mechanical ventilator in order to be suitable alternative in hospitals as well as in households. The mechanical and control design are presented in the next section. Finally, we experimentally verify developed ventilator with focus on measured pressure of patient airways. The presented results show a potential of developed ventilator to be used at practical level.

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Section: Related Worksupporting

confidence: 60%

A Portable BVM-based Emergency Mechanical Ventilator

Živčák

Kelemen

Virgala

et al. 2021

2021 IEEE 19th World Symposium on Applied Machine Intelligence and Informatics (SAMI)

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“…To support such events, the ventilator must be able to recognise the patient’s breathing effort, so that they can trigger and/or cycle the inspiration phase themselves. Our implementation relies on airflow monitoring which has also been implemented in another ventilation solution 12 . The ventilation curves in the case of spontaneous breathing during ventilation are presented in Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Repurposing CPAP machines as stripped-down ventilators

Nguyen

Kesper

Kräling

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

Self Cite

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The worldwide shortage of medical-grade ventilators is a well-known issue, that has become one of the central topics during the COVID-19 pandemic. Given that these machines are expensive and have long lead times, one approach is to vacate them for patients in critical conditions while patients with mild to moderate symptoms are treated with stripped-down ventilators. We propose a mass-producible solution that can create such ventilators with minimum effort. The central part is a module that can be attached to CPAP machines and repurpose them as low-pressure ventilators. Here, we describe the concept and first measurements which underline the potential of our solution. Our approach may serve as a starting point for open-access ventilator technologies.

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“…In the same method, but with a different mechanism, the authors in [29] developed a low-cost, open-source ventilator that was catalyzed by the global shortage of mechanical ventilator for COVID-19 patients. e driving motor, which is controlled by a Raspberry Pi, provides a maximum pressure of up to 70 cm H 2 O. Additionally, although the design is simple but efficient, the experimental device for ventilation satisfies the desired volume and pressure in respect to clinical requirements [36]. For future steps, developers are discussing the reliability of the mechanisms and software, mass production with appropriate standards, and regulatory approval or exemption.…”

Section: Motivationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design, Control, Modeling, and Simulation of Mechanical Ventilator for Respiratory Support

Tran

Ngo

Dong

et al. 2021

Mathematical Problems in Engineering

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In the early stage of the 21st century, humankind is facing high medical risks. To the best of our knowledge, there is currently no efficient way to stop chains of infections, and hence citizens suffer significantly increasing numbers of diseases. The most important factor in this scenario is the lack of necessary equipment to cure disease and maintain our living. Once breath cannot be guaranteed, humans find themselves in a dangerous state. This study aimed to design, control, model, and simulate mechanical ventilator that is open-source structure, lightweight, and portable, which is proper for patients to cure themselves at home. In the scope of this research, the hardware platform for the mechanical design, implementation of control rules, and some trials of both simulations and experiments are presented as our methodology. The proposed design of ventilator newly features the bioinspired mechanism, finger-like actuator, and flow rate-based control. Firstly, the approximate evaluation of the lung model is presented with some physiological characteristics. Owing to this investigation, the control scheme was established to adapt to the biological body. Moreover, it is essential for the model to be integrated to determine the appropriate performance of the closed-loop system. Derived from these theoretical computations, the innovative concept of mechanical design was demonstrated using the open-source approach, and the real-world model was constructed. In order to estimate the driving torque, the hardware modeling was conducted using mathematical expressions. To validate the proposed approach, the overall system was evaluated using Matlab/Simulink, and experiments with the proposed platform were conducted in two situations: 20 lpm as a reference flow rate for 4 seconds and 45 lpm for 2.5 seconds, corresponding to normal breath and urgent breath. From the results of this study, it can be clearly observed that the system’s performance ensures that accurate airflow is provided, although the desired airflow fluctuates. Based on the test scenario in hardware, the RMS (root-mean-square) values of tracking errors in airflow for both cases were 1.542 and 1.767. The proposed design could deal with changes in airflow, and this machine could play a role as a proper, feasible, and robust solution to support human living.

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Simple ventilators for emergency use based on Bag-Valve pressing systems: Lessons learned and future steps

Cited by 7 publications

References 6 publications

A Portable BVM-based Emergency Mechanical Ventilator

A Portable BVM-based Emergency Mechanical Ventilator

Repurposing CPAP machines as stripped-down ventilators

Design, Control, Modeling, and Simulation of Mechanical Ventilator for Respiratory Support

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