Simple predator-prey swarming model

Abstract

This paper describes an individual-based model for simulating the swarming behavior of prey in the presence of predators. Predators and prey are represented as agents that interact through radial force laws. The prey form swarms through attractive and repulsive forces. The predators interact with the prey through an anti-newtonian force, which is a nonconservative force that acts in the same direction for both agents. Several options for forces between predators are explored. The resulting equations are solved numerically and the dynamics are described in the context of the swarm's ability to realistically avoid the predators. The goal is to reproduce swarm behavior that has been observed in nature with the simplest possible model.

Group size, individual role differentiation and effectiveness of cooperation in a homogeneous group of hunters

“…We use a simple, homogeneous, particle-based computational model where wolves and prey are modelled as particles that interact through smooth attractive and repulsive forces [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][25][26][27].…”

“…Here, we use g(u) and the inertial system (3.2) instead of the reduced system proposed in [18]. A similar combination has been used recently [20] in an inspiring numerical study of collective behaviour of prey in rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org J. R. Soc. Interface 11: 20140204 the presence of predators in the case of single predatorsingle prey, single predator-multiple prey and multiple predator-multiple prey, surprisingly omitting the multiple predators-single prey case studied here.…”

A Simulation for a Predator to Pursuit a Prey Based on Energy

“…Because the prey should move at least , it must have at least the energy induced in (14). However, the energy in (14) is proportional to the distance d between the predator and the prey.…”

“…Thus, the predator applies pursuit force -a kind of attraction force and the prey applies flee force -a kind of repulsion force. The most basic forces of the agent's automatic control force are seek and flee [1,14,16]. The seek force is the force that advances with maximum force towards a target.…”

“…In these models each agent determines the movement based on the environment surrounding it and certain rules of which they counteract with their neighbors in their group. Agent based models interact with other agents depending on their location [1,14,15]. In this model, generally law of force is applied; force of attraction (cohesion) and force of repulsion (separation).…”