simple methods for humidifying nonrebreathing anesthesia gas systems

Airway Heat and Humidity during Endotracheal Intubation—4: Connotations of Delivered Water Vapour Content

“…Gases can be delivered saturated at room temperature from a "wet" circle absorber system. This can be produced in a number of ways (Chase et al 1962) such as wetting the tubing, relocating the fresh gas inflow (Berry et al 1973) or using a closed system. Chase et al (1961) measured respiratory water loss during closed circuit anaesthesia, and found an average water loss of 8•8 mg per litre.…”