Simple Extraction and Enzyme Immunoassays for Estrogen and Progesterone Metabolites in the Feces of Macaca Fascicularis during Non-Conceptive and Conceptive Ovarian Cycles1

Shideler, S. E.; Ortuño, A.; Moran, Francisco; Moorman, E.A.; Lasley, Bill L.

doi:10.1095/biolreprod48.6.1290

Cited by 146 publications

(118 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Based on the PdG profile and taking into account a 2-day lag of excretion of progestogens into feces (e.g. [59]), the most likely day of ovulation was estimated as day À2 prior to the defined postovulatory PdG rise above the follicular phase baseline level (e.g. [24]).…”

Section: Effect Of Cycle-stage On Gc Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Species-specific patterns in fecal glucocorticoid and androgen levels in zoo-living orangutans (Pongo spp.)

Weingrill¹,

Willems²,

Zimmermann³

et al. 2011

General and Comparative Endocrinology

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In contrast to most primate species, including the other great apes, orangutans maintain a fission-fusion social system in the wild without being part of a stable community. In zoos, however, they are kept in permanent groups, usually consisting of one adult male and several females. In zoo orangutans, we predict higher levels of glucocorticoids and androgens in the Bornean species compared to its congener from Sumatra, due to the much more solitary lifestyle of Bornean orangutans and the apparent higher frequency of male aggression directed towards females in this species in the wild. To compare hormone levels of the two orangutan species, we validated a fecal glucocorticoid and a fecal androgen assay. Subsequently, fecal samples from a total of 73 female and 38 male orangutans housed in 29 European zoos were analyzed to investigate the effect of species, social group size, age and (for female glucocorticoid levels) reproductive state and the presence of adult males on fecal hormone metabolite concentrations. The results of linear mixed effect models indicate that both male and female Bornean orangutans show a steeper increase in glucocorticoid levels with increasing group size than Sumatran orangutans. We therefore conclude that Sumatran zoo orangutans are better able to adjust to social housing conditions than their Bornean congeners. In addition, our analyses reveal higher glucocorticoid levels in lactating females of both species compared to non-lactating and juvenile females. Concerning androgen levels in males, our analyses revealed significantly higher concentrations in Bornean than Sumatran orangutans. These differences in both glucocorticoid and androgen output between the two species of orangutan are presumably linked to ecological and behavioral differences and could possibly be attributed to phenotypic plasticity. However, given that we found interspecific differences in hormone excretion in captivity, where both species live under very similar conditions, we conclude that this variation has a genetic basis. a b s t r a c tIn contrast to most primate species, including the other great apes, orangutans maintain a fission-fusion social system in the wild without being part of a stable community. In zoos, however, they are kept in permanent groups, usually consisting of one adult male and several females. In zoo orangutans, we predict higher levels of glucocorticoids and androgens in the Bornean species compared to its congener from Sumatra, due to the much more solitary lifestyle of Bornean orangutans and the apparent higher frequency of male aggression directed towards females in this species in the wild. To compare hormone levels of the two orangutan species, we validated a fecal glucocorticoid and a fecal androgen assay. Subsequently, fecal samples from a total of 73 female and 38 male orangutans housed in 29 European zoos were analyzed to investigate the effect of species, social group size, age and (for female glucocorticoid levels) reproductive state and the presence of adult males on f...

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Section: Effect Of Cycle-stage On Gc Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Species-specific patterns in fecal glucocorticoid and androgen levels in zoo-living orangutans (Pongo spp.)

Weingrill¹,

Willems²,

Zimmermann³

et al. 2011

General and Comparative Endocrinology

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“…Researchers have widely used this approach to estimate the day of ovulation in various primate species, e.g., capuchins (Carosi et al 1999), hanuman langurs (Heistermann et al 2001), and long-tailed macaques (Engelhardt et al 2004). We assessed the presumed day of ovulation as the day of the defined fecal iP4 increase corrected for a time lag of 2 d to account for steroid passage time to excretion into feces (Brockman and Whitten 1996;Shideler et al 1993). Because we collected samples every other day, estimated timing of ovulation may include an error of 1-2 d.…”

Section: Fecal Extraction and Hormone Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Mate-Guarding as a Male Reproductive Tactic in Propithecus verreauxi

2009

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Sexual selection theory predicts that in group-living mammals, male reproductive tactics can lead to high reproductive skew in favor of dominant individuals. In sifakas (Propithecus verreauxi), a group-living primate with extremely seasonal reproduction, male reproductive success is highly skewed because dominant males sire almost all offspring despite a tendency toward an even adult group sex ratio. To understand the underlying behavioral mechanism resulting in this rank-related reproductive skew in male sifakas, we studied mate-guarding as a potential reproductive tactic. Behavioral observations of dominant males and adult females in combination with hormonal determination of timing of female receptivity in 9 groups at Kirindy Forest revealed that dominant males spent more time in proximity to females when they were receptive and were responsible for the maintenance of this proximity. Results also indicated that monopolization of receptive females was facilitated by both estrous asynchrony within groups and by the ability of dominant males to obtain olfactory cues as to the timing of female receptivity. Although dominant males engaging in mate-guarding are expected to experience various costs, there was no evidence for decreased foraging behavior and only a trend toward increased aggression between dominant and subordinate nonnatal males within groups. Our results are in accordance with the hypothesis that dominant males use mate-guarding to monopolize receptive females and that it is one proximate mechanism that contributes to the high reproductive skew observed within the population of male sifakas at Kirindy.

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“…We used the extraction protocol of Asa et al (2001). Samples were thawed and approximately 0.5 g of wet faecal material was placed in a vial with 5 ml of modified phosphate-saline buffer (Shideler et al 1993) and shaken overnight at room temperature. Samples were centrifuged for one hour and the supernatant was stored at -80°C until the assay was conducted.…”

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confidence: 99%

Multi-year fertility reduction in free-roaming feral horses with single-injection immunocontraceptive formulations

et al. 2010

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Context. Contraception is increasingly used as a management technique to reduce fertility in wildlife populations, but the feasibility of contraceptive formulations has been limited until recently as they have required multiple treatments to achieve prolonged infertility.Aims. We tested the efficacy and evaluated potential side effects of two contraceptive formulations, a porcine zona pellucida (PZP) formulation, SpayVac®, and a gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) formulation GonaCon-B™, in a population of free-roaming feral horses (Equus caballus). Both formulations were developed to provide several years of infertility with one injection. 2Methods. Females were treated in June 2005 with either GonaCon-B™ (n=24), SpayVac® (n=20), adjuvant only (n=22), or received no injection (n=18). Females were monitored for fertility status year round for three years post treatment.Key results. Both contraceptive treatments significantly reduced fertility for three years.Fertility rates for GonaCon-B™ mares were 39%, 42% and 31% respectively and 37%, 50%, and 44% for SpayVac® mares. During the same seasons, 61%, 67% and 76% of control females were fertile. We found no significant effects from contraceptive treatment on the sex ratio of foals, birthing season, or foal survival.Conclusions. These results demonstrate that both vaccines are capable of significantly reducing fertility for several years without boosters.Implications. Contraceptive vaccines examined in this study represent a useful tool for the management of feral horses, due to their being efficacious for three years in the absence of booster immunisations.

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Simple Extraction and Enzyme Immunoassays for Estrogen and Progesterone Metabolites in the Feces of Macaca Fascicularis during Non-Conceptive and Conceptive Ovarian Cycles1

Cited by 146 publications

References 15 publications

Species-specific patterns in fecal glucocorticoid and androgen levels in zoo-living orangutans (Pongo spp.)

Species-specific patterns in fecal glucocorticoid and androgen levels in zoo-living orangutans (Pongo spp.)

Mate-Guarding as a Male Reproductive Tactic in Propithecus verreauxi

Multi-year fertility reduction in free-roaming feral horses with single-injection immunocontraceptive formulations

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