Simple Estimation of Prevalence of Hortonian Flow in New York City Watersheds

Walter, M. Todd; Mehta, Vishal K.; Marrone, Alexis M.; Boll, Jan; Gerard-Marchant, P; Steenhuis, Tammo S.; Walter, Michael

doi:10.1061/(asce)1084-0699(2003)8:4(214)

Cited by 67 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…An extension of the Wetness Index, the Topographic Index, couples the Wetness Index with a factor for gauging the capacity of soil to transport and store infiltrated water (Walter et al 2002). The Topographic Index was developed specifically for watersheds that exhibit variable source area hydrology, where it is interpreted as gauging the propensity for exfiltration (Walter et al 2005), or saturation-excess overland flow, to occur (Walter et al 2002). In exfiltration-and saturationprone locations, agricultural practices, such as tillage, fertilization, and manure application can become large sources of sediment, nutrients, and/or pathogens to overland flow.…”

Section: • Interpretation Of the Index Values Ismentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved indexes for targeting placement of buffers of Hortonian runoff

Dosskey¹,

Qiu²,

Helmers³

et al. 2011

Journal of Soil and Water Conservation

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Targeting specific locations within agricultural watersheds for installing vegetative buffers has been advocated as a way to enhance the impact of buffers and buffer programs on stream water quality. Existing models for targeting buffers of Hortonian, or infiltration-excess, runoff are not well developed. The objective was to improve on an existing soil survey-based approach that would provide finer scale resolution, account for variable size of runoff source area to different locations, and compare locations directly on the basis of pollutant load that could be retained by a buffer. The method couples the Soil Survey Geographic database with topographic information provided by a grid digital elevation model in a geographic information system. Simple empirical equations were developed from soil and topographic variables to generate two indexes, one for deposition of sediment and one for infiltration of dissolved pollutants, and the equations were calibrated to the load of sediment and water, respectively, retained by a buffer under reference conditions using the processbased Vegetative Filter Strip Model. The resulting index equations and analytical procedures were demonstrated on a 67 km 2 (25.9 mi 2 ) agricultural watershed in northwestern Missouri, where overland runoff contributes to degraded stream water quality. For both indexes, mapped results clearly mimic spatial patterns of water flow convergence into subdrainages, substantiating the importance of size of source area to a given location on capability to intercept pollutants from surface runoff. A method is described for estimating a range of index values that is appropriate for targeting vegetative buffers. The index for sediment retention is robust. However, the index for water (and dissolved pollutant) retention is much less robust because infiltration is very small, compared to inflow volumes, and is relatively insensitive to the magnitude of inflow from source areas. Consequently, an index of inflow volume may be more useful for planning alternative practices for reducing dissolved pollutant loads to streams. The improved indexes provide a better method than previous indexes for targeting vegetative buffers in watersheds where Hortonian runoff causes significant nonpoint pollution. Abstract: Targeting specific locations within agricultural watersheds for installing vegetative buffers has been advocated as a way to enhance the impact of buffers and buffer programs on stream water quality. Existing models for targeting buffers of Hortonian, or infiltration-excess, runoff are not well developed. The objective was to improve on an existing soil survey-based approach that would provide finer scale resolution, account for variable size of runoff source area to different locations, and compare locations directly on the basis of pollutant load that could be retained by a buffer. The method couples the Soil Survey Geographic database with topographic information provided by a grid digital elevation model in a geographic information system. Simple em...

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Section: • Interpretation Of the Index Values Ismentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved indexes for targeting placement of buffers of Hortonian runoff

Dosskey¹,

Qiu²,

Helmers³

et al. 2011

Journal of Soil and Water Conservation

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show abstract

“…In our case, nevertheless, the calibrated saturated hydraulic conductivity (130 mm/h) is higher than the maximum rainfall intensity. Such higher K might indirectly support saturation excess runoff mechanism in subtropical mountainous watersheds as indicated by Walter et al (2003). Meanwhile, no Hortonian flow was observed in the field during our typhoon monitoring in 2007.…”

Section: Best-fitted Simulation and Calibrationmentioning

confidence: 70%

Simulating typhoon-induced storm hydrographs in subtropical mountainous watershed: an integrated 3-layer TOPMODEL

Huang

Lee

Kao

2009

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract.A three-layer TOPMODEL is constructed by integrating diffusion wave approach into surface flow, soil moisture deficit into inter flow and exponential recession curve function into base flow. A subtropical mountainous watershed, Heng-Chi, and 22 rain storms with various rainfall types and wide ranges of total rainfall (from 81 to 1026 mm) were applied. The global best-fitted parameter set gives an average efficient coefficient of 82% for calibration and 80% for validation. Sensitivity analysis reveals that soil transmissivity dominates the discharge volume and recession coefficient dominates the hydrograph shape in TOPMODEL framework. Over 90% observed discharges of validation events falls within the 90% confidence interval derived form calibration events. The resembling performances between calibration and validation as well as good results of the confidence interval demonstrate the capability of 3-layer TOP-MODEL on simulating cyclones with various rainfall intensity and pattern in subtropical watershed. Meanwhile, the upper confidence limit is suggested preferably when considering flood assessment.

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“…Saturation excess is a major runoff process in humid regions such as the US Northeast and can be better captured by a physical hydrology concept called Variable Source Area (VSA) hydrology [1][2][3]. The VSA hydrology applies a saturation-excess hydrological process to explain that runoff-carrying pollutants contribute to the stream hydrograph are primarily generated in relatively small but predictable hydrologically sensitive areas in a watershed where soils are saturated [4][5][6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of a Locally Revised Topographic Index in Central New Jersey, USA

Qiu

2015

Water

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Saturation excess is a major runoff process in humid regions such as the US Northeast. Topographic index (TI) is used to simulate the pattern of runoff-contributing areas following a saturation excess runoff process. Although TI is useful to delineate saturated areas, i.e., hydrologically sensitive areas, for taking spatially distinctive actions in watersheds for improving water quality, local resource management practitioners often question its applicability to local conditions. This study introduces two methods to validate a locally revised TI in humid central New Jersey, USA. The revised TI uses soil moisture deficit instead of water table depth as the state variable in simulating the saturation excess runoff process. First, the calculated TI values were compared to the soil moisture measurements sampled in two sites in Tewksbury Township in the region to evaluate their correlations. Second, a watershed model Variable Source Load Function (VSLF) that incorporates TI was applied to the Neshanic River Watershed in the region and compared to another watershed model Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to evaluate its capability in predicting the streamflow and its runoff and baseflow components. The positive correlations between soil moisture measurements and TI suggested TI is a good indicator of runoff-generating potential. VSLF achieves a modeling efficiency comparable to SWAT in simulating watershed hydrology. Such validation gives practitioners confidence to incorporate TI pattern into watershed management practices for improving their efficiency. The results are applicable to shallow, interflow-driven watersheds in humid regions. OPEN ACCESSWater 2015, 7 6617

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Simple Estimation of Prevalence of Hortonian Flow in New York City Watersheds

Cited by 67 publications

References 7 publications

Improved indexes for targeting placement of buffers of Hortonian runoff

Improved indexes for targeting placement of buffers of Hortonian runoff

Simulating typhoon-induced storm hydrographs in subtropical mountainous watershed: an integrated 3-layer TOPMODEL

Validation of a Locally Revised Topographic Index in Central New Jersey, USA

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