Simple equations for the speed of sound in Neptunian waters

Coppens, Alan B.

doi:10.1121/1.385486

Cited by 90 publications

(43 citation statements)

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“…These results emphasize the importance of compensating for the influence of temperature and depth effect on the speed of sound during the trawl survey, assuming that both temperature and depth data are available. Similar results were obtained by Kotwicki et al (2011), who instead of Del Grosso (1974) used the formula of Coppens (1981) for the accurate estimate of the speed of sound. Their results have shown that after compensating for the temperature effect, the original measured swept area was overestimated for all tows.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…However, the speed of sound in seawater is not constant because it depends on water temperature, pressure, and salinity (Chen and Millero 1977, Coppens 1981, Del Grosso 1974, Leroy et al 2008, Wong and Zhu 1995. Hall (2000), for example, noted that the speed of sound in water might change by approximately 3 m s -1 per 1°C.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this paper we assessed the influence of the seawater temperature and depth on the speed of sound in the central Mediterranean. Moreover, we provided a simple model, which is presented as a valid alternative to the application of the complex formulae reported by Chen and Millero (1977), Coppens (1981), Del Grosso (1974 and Wong and Zhu (1995) for manual correction of horizontal net opening and more precise swept area estimates. The new equation is proposed for the calculation of sound speed in seawater as a function of temperature, and depth and it is of polynomial form with three terms, which is a substantial reduction in complexity compared with the more complex equations using pressure that need to be calculated according to depth and location.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Influence of sea-bottom temperature and depth on swept area estimation from trawl surveys

Brčić¹,

Grilli²,

Sala³

2014

Sci. Mar.

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Summary:The methodological approach to data collection and analysis in Mediterranean bottom trawl surveys has changed considerably since their beginnings in the mid-1980s. The introduction of new technologies in surveys greatly improved knowledge on trawl underwater geometry, but also raised a question on the reliability of the data obtained. The most commonly used trawl monitoring systems in the Mediterranean use the constant speed of sound when calculating horizontal distance from one sensor to another. However, the speed of the sound in seawater is not constant because it depends on water temperature, pressure, and salinity. This is known to affect the performance of the horizontally transmitting sonars, and it is reasonable to assume that unless it is properly compensated for, the readings from trawl monitoring systems can be incorrect, resulting in biased swept area estimates, and hence potentially producing bias in abundance estimates. In the knowledge that speed of sound depends on temperature, salinity and pressure, the Del Grosso (1974) equation was used to calculate the compensation coefficient for a series of theoretical depth and temperature data. A simple model is proposed in the current paper for the manual correction of the horizontal net opening and swept area estimates. Temperature and depth data obtained from the MEDATLAS project are used to show seasonal and spatial variation in the near-bottom speed of sound, and the results demonstrate that, unless compensated for properly, the error in the horizontal net spread ranges from -1.5% to 2.9%.Keywords: swept area; bottom trawl survey; net opening; Mediterranean Sea.Influencia de la temperatura del fondo del mar y profundidad en la estimación del área de barrido en sistemas de arrastre Resumen: El enfoque metodológico para la recopilación de datos y análisis en estudios de arrastre de fondo del Mediterráneo ha cambiado considerablemente desde sus inicios en los años ochenta. La introducción de nuevas tecnologías en los estudios ha mejorado enormemente el conocimiento de la geometría de los artes de pesca de debajo del agua, pero, al mismo tiempo, surge la pregunta de la fiabilidad de los datos obtenidos. Los sistemas de seguimiento más comúnmente utilizados en los artes en el Mediterráneo usan la velocidad constante del sonido cuando calculan la distancia horizontal de un sensor a otro. Sin embargo la velocidad del sonido en el agua marina no es constante ya que depende de la temperatura del agua, de la presión y la salinidad. Se sabe que esto afecta al rendimiento de los sonares que transmiten en horizontal, y es razonable suponer que si se compensan adecuadamente, las lecturas de los monitores de seguimiento del arte pueden ser incorrectos, dando lugar a estimaciones sesgadas del área barrida por el arte, y en consecuencia potencialmente producir sesgo en bastantes estimaciones. Conociendo que la velocidad del sonido depende de la temperatura, salinidad y presión, se ha usado la ecuación de Del Grosso (1974) para calcular el coeficiente de compe...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of sea-bottom temperature and depth on swept area estimation from trawl surveys

Brčić¹,

Grilli²,

Sala³

2014

Sci. Mar.

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“…In Cheng et al (2009b), the authors combine USP and UPS to give rise to a multi-stage silent positioning system LSLS that (i) does not require time synchronization, (ii) only requires three surface buoys, (iii) incorporates smart anchor selection, and (iv) considers sound speed variation with temperature, salinity and depth using the model of Coppens (Coppens, 1981).…”

Section: Projection-based Localizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A survey of techniques and challenges in underwater localization

et al. 2011

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“…Sound speeds in freshwater are slightly lower than those for seawater at the same temperature and depth. Empirical formulas for A-1 sound speeds in water as functions of temperature, depth, and salinity may be found in Coppens (1981).…”

Section: A12 Sound Speedmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Integrated Computer-Controlled System for Marine Mammal Auditory Testing

Finneran¹

2003

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYPublic concern over the potential effects of anthropogenic (human-generated) noise on marine mammal behavior and hearing has been increasing. One of the first steps in evaluating the potential effects of underwater sound on marine mammals is to establish the hearing abilities of these animals.This document describes the operation of the computer program HTP.EXE, which is designed to allow computer control of marine mammal hearing tests. The system uses the psychophysical "staircase" method and a behavioral response paradigm to estimate hearing thresholds in trained subjects. The program is suitable for isolated hearing threshold measurements and paired measurements made before and after exposure to threshold-affecting treatments (e.g., exposure to intense sound or other ototoxic agent). Although specifically designed for use with marine mammals, the program is appropriate for use with any subject trained for participation in a behavioral response paradigm.

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Simple equations for the speed of sound in Neptunian waters

Cited by 90 publications

References 0 publications

Influence of sea-bottom temperature and depth on swept area estimation from trawl surveys

Influence of sea-bottom temperature and depth on swept area estimation from trawl surveys

A survey of techniques and challenges in underwater localization

An Integrated Computer-Controlled System for Marine Mammal Auditory Testing

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