Simple devices for restricting the visual fields of birds

Wallman, Josh; Ledoux, Charlotte; Friedman, Mark B.

doi:10.3758/bf03205161

Cited by 18 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…A small commercially available infrared laser module is mounted on the head of the test bird with histocompatible adhesive such as collodion (Wallman et al 1978 and references therein), or LiquiBand (MedLogic Global Limited, UK). A clip system is recommended so that the laser and power supply can be removed and attached without re‐adhesion.…”

Section: Description Of the Laser Gaze‐tracking Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tracking the gaze of birds

Kjærsgaard¹,

Pertoldi²,

Loeschcke³

et al. 2008

Journal of Avian Biology

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Accurate measurements of what birds are looking at are valuable to most studies of vision and visually guided behaviour in avian species. Compared to human visual research, studies of gaze behaviour in birds are limited. A new laser-based method that can be used to quantify several aspects of a given sequence of gaze shifts and fixations is presented. Using near infrared light to estimate gaze direction is a relatively simple and cheap method to study visually guided behaviour. It has the potential to contribute significantly to the ornithological research by allowing the quantification of several behavioural traits of birds. Other methods are discussed and compared to the use of infrared light, and possible fields of application are suggested.

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Section: Description Of the Laser Gaze‐tracking Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tracking the gaze of birds

Kjærsgaard¹,

Pertoldi²,

Loeschcke³

et al. 2008

Journal of Avian Biology

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“…To induce myopia, chicks had translucent plastic occluders (Wallman, LeDoux & Friedman, 1978a) secured around the eye with collodion (Fisher Scientific). These occluders had a portion cut away that enabled form vision in the frontal monocular visual field (approx.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The regulation of eye growth and refractive state: An experimental study of emmetropization

1991

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Abstract-During growth the vertebrate eye achieves a close match between the power of its optics and its axial length with the result that images are focused on the retina without accommodative effort (emmetropia). The possibility that vision is required for the regulation of eye growth was studied experimentally in chicks made myopic or hyperopic by different visual manipulations. After discontinuing these visual manipulations, the eyes returned quickly to emmetropia mainly by adjusting the growth of their vitreous chambers; growth stopped in eyes recovering from myopia and continued in eyes recovering from hyperopia. Because both hyperopic and myopic eyes were already larger than normal controls, the difference in growth indicates that refractive error, rather than eye size per se, guides the eye toward emmetropia. Evidence is also presented for nonvisual shape-related control of eye growth, but this is slow-acting and cannot explain the emmetropixation from induced refractive errors. Both the visually guided and shape-related mechanisms work even in eyes with the optic nerve cut, indicating that the two mechanisms are local to the eye. Although the optic-nerve-sectioned eye can sense the sign of a refractive error and initially adjust growth accordingly, it eventually overshoots emmetropia and reverses the sign of the initial refractive error. Whether this is due to loss of feedback from the central nervous system or retinal ganglion cells is unclear.

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“…Soon after, FDM was successfully induced in tree shrews, 36 chicks, 6 and cats 37 by suturing their eyelids, and in macaque monkeys by opacifying the cornea soon after birth. 38 Subsequent studies imposed form-deprivation by securing translucent diffusers over the eye using a mask, 2,13,39 glue, 40,41 Velcro, 4,42,43 or a head-mounted pedestal. [44][45][46][47] These studies have consistently shown that depriving the retina of form or patterned vision produces axial myopia compared to untreated eyes, suggesting that a sharp, high-contrast retinal image is essential for normal eye growth ( Figure 1).…”

Section: Emmetropisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical mechanisms regulating emmetropisation and refractive errors: evidence from animal models

Chakraborty

Ostrin

Benavente-Perez

et al. 2020

Clinical and Experimental Optometry

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Our current understanding of emmetropisation and myopia development has evolved from decades of work in various animal models, including chicks, non‐human primates, tree shrews, guinea pigs, and mice. Extensive research on optical, biochemical, and environmental mechanisms contributing to refractive error development in animal models has provided insights into eye growth in humans. Importantly, animal models have taught us that eye growth is locally controlled within the eye, and can be influenced by the visual environment. This review will focus on information gained from animal studies regarding the role of optical mechanisms in guiding eye growth, and how these investigations have inspired studies in humans. We will first discuss how researchers came to understand that emmetropisation is guided by visual feedback, and how this can be manipulated by form‐deprivation and lens‐induced defocus to induce refractive errors in animal models. We will then discuss various aspects of accommodation that have been implicated in refractive error development, including accommodative microfluctuations and accommodative lag. Next, the impact of higher order aberrations and peripheral defocus will be discussed. Lastly, recent evidence suggesting that the spectral and temporal properties of light influence eye growth, and how this might be leveraged to treat myopia in children, will be presented. Taken together, these findings from animal models have significantly advanced our knowledge about the optical mechanisms contributing to eye growth in humans, and will continue to contribute to the development of novel and effective treatment options for slowing myopia progression in children.

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Simple devices for restricting the visual fields of birds

Cited by 18 publications

References 8 publications

Tracking the gaze of birds

Tracking the gaze of birds

The regulation of eye growth and refractive state: An experimental study of emmetropization

Optical mechanisms regulating emmetropisation and refractive errors: evidence from animal models

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