Simple design method for gain-flattened three-pump Raman amplifiers

Hybrid gain-flattened and reduced power excursion scheme for distributed Raman amplification

“…The additional pumping sources (1st-order pumping) around 1420 and 1480 nm are launched from both ends of the cavity in order to extend the low and high wavelength ends of the amplification band around the C band. The particular choice of 1420 and 1480 nm additional pumps here is not a restriction, and is simply due to available results of 3-lambda pumping scheme optimisation presented in [3]. These pumping sources in combination with fiber Bragg gratings creates a 3-wavelength bi-directional distributed Raman amplifier over a wide spectral band from 1520 to 1600 nm.…”

“…These pumping sources in combination with fiber Bragg gratings creates a 3-wavelength bi-directional distributed Raman amplifier over a wide spectral band from 1520 to 1600 nm. The key idea behind this scheme is to take advantage of the second-order pumping that distributes the gain more uniformly along the transmission span [1][2][3][4][5] and extend it with minimal efforts to a broader spectral interval.…”

“…To achieve this, quasi-lossless amplification schemes have been proposed which allow very low signal power variations along the transmission spans [2][3][4][5][6]. Here we further develop this technique by combining, in an optimized manner, one 2nd-order pump at 136X nm and two 1st-order pumps at 14XX nm to achieve simultaneous spectral gain flatness and minimal signal power excursion during transmission.…”

A simple strategy to design broadband low power consumption distributed Raman amplifier

“…Additionally, low price mobile services, are also forcing a huge increment on the capacity demand [1]. Among the key technologies to respond to these needs are low loss modern fibers, which make possible 40THz optical window (the O, E, S, C and L bands) system operation, and wideband Raman optical amplifiers.Over the past years, techniques and methodologies to design wideband Raman amplifiers have been reported in the literature [2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. These techniques use multiple pumps, around five to eight, to achieve an 80 nm bandwidth with a ripple better than 0.1dB.…”

“…Over the past years, techniques and methodologies to design wideband Raman amplifiers have been reported in the literature [2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. These techniques use multiple pumps, around five to eight, to achieve an 80 nm bandwidth with a ripple better than 0.1dB.…”