Simple and sensitive method for the quantification of total bilirubin in human serum using 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone hydrochloride as a chromogenic probe

Nagaraja, Padmarajaiah; Avinash, Krishnegowda; Shivakumar, Anantharaman; Dinesh, Rangappa; Shrestha, Ashwinee Kumar

doi:10.1016/j.saa.2010.08.003

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…1C). Interestingly, rabbit bile seemed to be the most effective, which is consistent with its nearly two-fold greater concentration (approximately 600 uM) of bilirubin when compared to bile from ox (approximately 250 uM bilirubin in 100 mg/mL whole bile) or human (approximately 400 uM bilirubin, quantification conducted according to [19]). Collectively, this data suggests plumbagin-mediated toxicity can be alleviated by mammalian bile, possibly by the heme catabolite bilirubin.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 54%

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A Product of Heme Catabolism Modulates Bacterial Function and Survival

2013

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Bilirubin is the terminal metabolite in heme catabolism in mammals. After deposition into bile, bilirubin is released in large quantities into the mammalian gastrointestinal (GI) tract. We hypothesized that intestinal bilirubin may modulate the function of enteric bacteria. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the effect of bilirubin on two enteric pathogens; enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), a Gram-negative that causes life-threatening intestinal infections, and E. faecalis, a Gram-positive human commensal bacterium known to be an opportunistic pathogen with broad-spectrum antibiotic resistance. We demonstrate that bilirubin can protect EHEC from exogenous and host-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) through the absorption of free radicals. In contrast, E. faecalis was highly susceptible to bilirubin, which causes significant membrane disruption and uncoupling of respiratory metabolism in this bacterium. Interestingly, similar results were observed for other Gram-positive bacteria, including B. cereus and S. aureus. A model is proposed whereby bilirubin places distinct selective pressure on enteric bacteria, with Gram-negative bacteria being protected from ROS (positive outcome) and Gram-positive bacteria being susceptible to membrane disruption (negative outcome). This work suggests bilirubin has differential but biologically relevant effects on bacteria and justifies additional efforts to determine the role of this neglected waste catabolite in disease processes, including animal models.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 54%

“…Bilirubin was quantified as described in Nagaraja et al. [19]. Error bars represent ± one standard deviation, n = 3, and (*) denotes a significant (P≤0.05) difference between EHEC and bilirubin samples and bilirubin alone samples.…”

Section: Supporting Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Product of Heme Catabolism Modulates Bacterial Function and Survival

2013

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“…To discriminate between conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin, caffeine-sodium benzoate is added to the reaction to displace unconjugated bilirubin from albumin and thus release it into solution, where it reacts with diazotized sulfanilic acid. [20,21] The clinical gold standard has several limitations. The test generally corrects for non-specific protein interferences such as immunoglobulins with an averaged plasma protein level that does not take into account inter-and intraindividual differences in plasma protein levels.…”

Section: Clinically Used Bilirubin Assaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

175 Years of Bilirubin Testing: Ready for Point‐of‐Care?

Guirguis

Bertrand

Rose

et al. 2023

Adv Healthcare Materials

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Bilirubin was first detected in blood in 1847 and since then has become one of the most widely used biomarkers for liver disease. Clinical routine bilirubin testing is performed at the hospital laboratory, and the gold standard colorimetric test is prone to interferences. The absence of a bedside test for bilirubin delays critical clinical decisions for patients with liver disease. This clinical care gap has motivated the development of a new generation of bioengineered point-of-care bilirubin assays. In this Perspective, recently developed bilirubin assays are critically discussed, and their translational potential evaluated.

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“…This opens up new application prospects for the detection of biomarkers in hybrid materials. Not only that, the performance of the inorganic-organic hybrid sensor HSA-CuNCs is also more stable than those of spectrophotometry, 68 HPLC 69 and enzymatic electrophoresis 70…”

Section: Bilirubinmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This opens up new application prospects for the detection of biomarkers in hybrid materials. Not only that, the performance of the inorganic–organic hybrid sensor HSA-CuNCs is also more stable than those of spectrophotometry, 68 HPLC 69 and enzymatic electrophoresis 70 in terms of linear range, high selectivity to target products, and anti-interference capabilities; significantly, the detection limit of hybrid sensor is one to two orders of magnitude higher than that of the three traditional methods. These results suggest that the HSA-CuNC inorganic–organic hybrid probe has the potential for applications in determining bilirubin in clinical samples.…”

Section: Detecting Urinary Biomarkers Using Inorganic–organic Hybrid ...mentioning

confidence: 99%