Simple and rapid analysis of acetaminophen in human autopsy samples by vortex‐assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction‐thin layer chromatography‐image analysis

Abstract

In the present work, we describe a simple, rapid, cost‐effective, environmentally friendly and high‐sample‐throughput analytical method based on coupling vortex‐assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction with thin layer chromatography analysis for quantitative determination of acetaminophen in whole human blood and tissues of stomach and liver. Followed by dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction, 20 μL of sedimented phase (chloroform) was spotted on a thin layer chromatography plate and developed with mobile phase of chloroform: acetone (8:2, v/v). The developed plate was photographed under ultraviolet chamber at 254 nm and the image was processed for quantification of spots using freely available ImageJ software. Under the optimized conditions, the limit of detection and limit of quantification were found to be in the range of 7.74–8.33 and 23.4–25.2 μg/spot, respectively. The method was found to be linear in the range of 30–300 μg/spot with a coefficient of determination of 0.996 and 0.998 in blood and tissue, respectively. The developed method has been successfully applied for the determination of acetaminophen in autopsy samples from a case of acetaminophen overdose. The method does not require any sophisticated high‐end instrumentation and can be routinely applied for determination of acetaminophen in complex biological samples in resource‐limited laboratories.

A Non-Instrumental Green Analytical Method Based on Surfactant-Assisted Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction–Thin-Layer Chromatography–Smartphone-Based Digital Image Colorimetry(SA-DLLME-TLC-SDIC) for Determining Favipiravir in Biological Samples

“…Herein, sustainability refers to the probability of system failure and the availability of resources to restore the system to an operational condition. Chromatographic methods are more sustainable when the probability of failure is lower and the availability of restoration resources is higher [ 34 , 35 ]. On the other hand, classical TLC has the limitation of being only a qualitative method.…”

Vortex‐assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction‐gas chromatography (VADLLME‐GC) determination of residual ketamine, nimetazepam, and xylazine from drug‐spiked beverages appearing in liquid, droplet, and dry forms

“…The pH of the sample matrix is a deciding factor in enhancing the extraction efficiency of VADLLME [45]; pH decides when the target sample is in its preferred molecular form for extraction [49]. Therefore, the effects of pH in the range of 4–12, adjusted using hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide solution, were investigated.…”

“…The pH of the sample matrix is a deciding factor in enhancing the extraction efficiency of VADLLME [45]; pH decides when the target sample is in its preferred molecular form for extraction [49].…”

Simultaneous estimation of andrographolide, apigenin, apocynin, and gallic acid by high‐performance thin layer chromatography method with Greenness quality by design approach

“…It is the principal component of Boerhavvia diffusa [8]. The high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method is a suitable method for the estimation of chemical constituents present in plant materials [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. Methods are validated according to International Council on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines and can be adopted for the routine analysis of ANDRO, APO, API, and GA in Hepatoprotective polyherbal formulation [18].…”