Similarly in depression, nuances of gut microbiota: Evidences from a shotgun metagenomics sequencing study on major depressive disorder versus bipolar disorder with current major depressive episode patients

Han, Rong; Xie, Xin; Zhao, Jie; Lai, Wentao; Wang, Ming-bang; Xu, Dan; Liu, Yang-Hui; Guo, Yuanyuan; Xu, Shu-xian; Deng, Wangqun; Yang, Qi-Fan; Li, Xiao; Zhang, Yingli; He, Fu‐Sheng; Wang, Sheng; Liu, Tiebang

doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.03.017

Cited by 135 publications

(162 citation statements)

References 88 publications

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“…Clostridium , a genus of Gram-positive bacteria, includes several significant human pathogens, such as the causative agent of botulism. High levels of members of the genus Clostridium have been reported in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) compared with controls 42,43 , suggesting that increased levels of Clostridium play a role in depression. We reported that susceptible mice after CSDS have higher levels of Clostridium , and that the novel antidepressant candidate ( R )-ketamine attenuated the increased levels of Clostridium in susceptible mice 25 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abnormal composition of gut microbiota is associated with resilience versus susceptibility to inescapable electric stress

et al. 2019

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Increasing evidence indicates that abnormalities in the composition of gut microbiota might play a role in stress-related disorders. In the learned helplessness (LH) paradigm, ~60–70% rats are susceptible to LH in the face of inescapable electric stress. The role of gut microbiota in susceptibility in the LH paradigm is unknown. In this study, male rats were exposed to inescapable electric stress under the LH paradigm. The compositions of gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids were assessed in fecal samples from control rats, non-LH (resilient) rats, and LH (susceptible) rats. Members of the order Lactobacillales were present at significantly higher levels in the susceptible rats than in control and resilient rats. At the family level, the number of Lactobacillaceae in the susceptible rats was significantly higher than in control and resilient rats. At the genus level, the numbers of Lactobacillus, Clostridium cluster III, and Anaerofustis in susceptible rats were significantly higher than in control and resilient rats. Levels of acetic acid and propionic acid in the feces of susceptible rats were lower than in those of control and resilient rats; however, the levels of lactic acid in the susceptible rats were higher than those of control and resilient rats. There was a positive correlation between lactic acid and Lactobacillus levels among these three groups. These findings suggest that abnormal composition of the gut microbiota, including organisms such as Lactobacillus, contributes to susceptibility versus resilience to LH in rats subjected to inescapable electric foot shock. Therefore, it appears likely that brain–gut axis plays a role in stress susceptibility in the LH paradigm.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abnormal composition of gut microbiota is associated with resilience versus susceptibility to inescapable electric stress

et al. 2019

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“…As compared to healthy individuals, MDD patients have a different gut microbiota profile. The decrease in Faecalibacterium, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus (Aizawa et al, 2016), and Dialister (Kelly et al, 2016), and increase in Clostridium, Streptococcus, Klebsiella, Oscillibacter, Allistipes (Naseribafrouei et al, 2014;Jiang et al, 2015;Lin et al, 2017;Rong et al, 2019), Eggerthella, Holdemania, Gelria, Turicibacter, Paraprevotella, and Anaerofilum (Kelly et al, 2016) genera have been found among MDD patients. This shift in the gut microbiota composition may contribute to a shift in the regulation of the host physiology (Luan et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Antidepressive Mechanisms of Probiotics and Their Therapeutic Potential

et al. 2020

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The accumulating knowledge of the host-microbiota interplay gives rise to the microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis. The MGB axis depicts the interkingdom communication between the gut microbiota and the brain. This communication process involves the endocrine, immune and neurotransmitters systems. Dysfunction of these systems, along with the presence of gut dysbiosis, have been detected among clinically depressed patients. This implicates the involvement of a maladaptive MGB axis in the pathophysiology of depression. Depression refers to symptoms that characterize major depressive disorder (MDD), a mood disorder with a disease burden that rivals that of heart diseases. The use of probiotics to treat depression has gained attention in recent years, as evidenced by increasing numbers of animal and human studies that have supported the antidepressive efficacy of probiotics. Physiological changes observed in these studies allow for the elucidation of probiotics antidepressive mechanisms, which ultimately aim to restore proper functioning of the MGB axis. However, the understanding of mechanisms does not yet complete the endeavor in applying probiotics to treat MDD. Other challenges remain which include the heterogeneous nature of both the gut microbiota composition and depressive symptoms in the clinical setting. Nevertheless, probiotics offer some advantages over standard pharmaceutical antidepressants, in terms of residual symptoms, side effects and stigma involved. This review outlines antidepressive mechanisms of probiotics based on the currently available literature and discusses therapeutic potentials of probiotics for depression.

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“…Thus, the heterogeneity of symptom combinations in MDD may be larger than previously estimated using empirical data. Observed richness and the Chao estimator have been used to quantify gut microbiomic heterogeneity in psychiatric samples, finding no difference between healthy controls and males with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) 29 , but lower microbiome diversity in patients with MDD 30 .…”

Section: Estimating N C Empirically From Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At q = 2, we have the inverse Simpson concentration 16 , which is the effective number of common categories in the system, known to political scientists as the effective number of parties 54 . This measure has been used to estimate the effective number of common bacterial species in the microbiome of patients with MDD 30 .…”

Section: A Definition Of Heterogeneity and Measurement In Categoricalmentioning

confidence: 99%

The definition and measurement of heterogeneity

2020

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Heterogeneity is an important concept in psychiatric research and science more broadly. It negatively impacts effect size estimates under case-control paradigms, and it exposes important flaws in our existing categorical nosology. Yet, our field has no precise definition of heterogeneity proper. We tend to quantify heterogeneity by measuring associated correlates such as entropy or variance: practices which are akin to accepting the radius of a sphere as a measure of its volume. Under a definition of heterogeneity as the degree to which a system deviates from perfect conformity, this paper argues that its proper measure roughly corresponds to the size of a system's event/sample space, and has units known as numbers equivalent. We arrive at this conclusion through focused review of more than 100 years of (re)discoveries of indices by ecologists, economists, statistical physicists, and others. In parallel, we review psychiatric approaches for quantifying heterogeneity, including but not limited to studies of symptom heterogeneity, microbiome biodiversity, cluster-counting, and time-series analyses. We argue that using numbers equivalent heterogeneity measures could improve the interpretability and synthesis of psychiatric research on heterogeneity. However, significant limitations must be overcome for these measures-largely developed for economic and ecological research-to be useful in modern translational psychiatric science.

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Similarly in depression, nuances of gut microbiota: Evidences from a shotgun metagenomics sequencing study on major depressive disorder versus bipolar disorder with current major depressive episode patients

Cited by 135 publications

References 88 publications

Abnormal composition of gut microbiota is associated with resilience versus susceptibility to inescapable electric stress

Abnormal composition of gut microbiota is associated with resilience versus susceptibility to inescapable electric stress

Antidepressive Mechanisms of Probiotics and Their Therapeutic Potential

The definition and measurement of heterogeneity

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