Similarity and variation in gene expression among human cerebral cortical subregions revealed by DNA macroarrays: technical consideration of RNA expression profiling from postmortem samples

Watakabe, Akiya; Sugai, Tetsuji; Nakaya, Naoki; Wakabayashi, Keiji; Takahashi, Hitoshi; Yamamori, Tetsuo; Nawa, Hiroyuki

doi:10.1016/s0169-328x(01)00019-5

Cited by 22 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The neuronal ANX2 mRNA was detected in low to moderate levels as puncta throughout the cortical and subcortical regions and appeared primarily in a subpopulation of GABAergic neurons. The unique expression pattern of ANX2 is consistent with existing evidence that only low levels of ANX2 mRNA is detected in normal human brain (Watakabe 2001). Although our results appear to be in conflict with a previous report that ANX2 was not found in normal human brain (de la Monte et al 1995), it seems to us the discrepancy could be explained by several differences in experimental Materials and methods: First, in the previous study, neuronal gene expression of ANX2 was performed with SH-5Y neuroblastoma cells by northern blot, whereas we used more sensitive (with assured specificity) RT-PCR and riboprobe in situ hybridization to detect ANX2 in normal rat brain tissue and primary neuronal cultures.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…Based on these findings, ANX2 is thought to be a brain pathology-associated protein. However, several studies have reported evidence for expression of ANX2 in normal CNS tissues from different species: For example, ANX2 mRNA is detected in the Xenopus brain (Izant and Bryson 1991) and motor cortex of the human brain (Watakabe et al 2001). The ANX2 protein including monomer, heterodimer, and heterotetramer is purified from the pig CNS tissues, with the heterotetramer being reduced to the monomer heavy chain (36 kDa) and light chain (11 kDa) in EGTA treated fractions (Regnouf et al 1991).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Expression of annexin A2 in GABAergic interneurons in the normal rat brain

Zhao

2006

Journal of Neurochemistry

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Expression of the Ca 2+ -dependent phospholipids binding protein annexin A2 (ANX2) in the brain is thought to be largely associated with brain pathological conditions such as tumor, inflammation, and neurodegeneration. The recent findings that ANX2 heterotetramer is involved in learning and neuronal activities necessitates a systematic investigation of the physiological expression of ANX2 in the brain. With combination of in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, ANX2 mRNA and protein were specifically detected in a group of GABAergic interneurons throughout the brain. Although ANX2 was absent from the interior of pyramidal neurons, it was found on the membrane and seemly the extracellular space of those neurons, where they closely co-localized with glutamate decarboxylase terminals. In cultured developing neurons, ANX2 was present at high concentrations in the growth cones co-distributing with several growth-associated proteins such as growth associated protein 43 (GAP43), turned on after division/Ulip/CRMP (TUC-4), tubulin, and tissue-plasminogen activator. It then became predominantly distributed on the membrane and mostly in axonal branches as neurons grew and extended synaptic networks. ANX2 was also secreted from cultured neurons, in a membrane-bound form that was Ca 2+ -dependent, which was significantly increased by neuronal depolarization. These results may have implications in the function and regulatory mechanism of ANX2 in the normal brain.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

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confidence: 99%

Expression of annexin A2 in GABAergic interneurons in the normal rat brain

Zhao

2006

Journal of Neurochemistry

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“…Moreover, the regional differences discerned between monkey dorsolateral and ventromedial prefrontal profiles of gene expression (Supplementary Tables 6-8) are at odds with microarray surveys that failed to find broad differences between neocortical regions in humans and chimpanzees. 50,[80][81][82][83] In rodents, broad regional differences in gene expression have been reported in carefully controlled and adequately powered studies of the hippocampus. [84][85][86][87][88] Our study examined prefrontal tissue of the highest possible quality, collected at the same time of day, within a small age range from adult monkeys born and raised in the same research facility.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stress-induced changes in primate prefrontal profiles of gene expression

Karssen

Her

et al. 2007

Mol Psychiatry

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Stressful experiences that consistently increase cortisol levels appear to alter the expression of hundreds of genes in prefrontal limbic brain regions. Here, we investigate this hypothesis in monkeys exposed to intermittent social stress-induced episodes of hypercortisolism or a no-stress control condition. Prefrontal profiles of gene expression compiled from Affymetrix microarray data for monkeys randomized to the no-stress condition were consistent with microarray results published for healthy humans. In monkeys exposed to intermittent social stress, more genes than expected by chance appeared to be differentially expressed in ventromedial prefrontal cortex compared to monkeys not exposed to adult social stress. Most of these stress responsive candidate genes were modestly downregulated, including ubiquitin conjugation enzymes and ligases involved in synaptic plasticity, cell cycle progression and nuclear receptor signaling. Social stress did not affect gene expression beyond that expected by chance in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex or prefrontal white matter. Thirty four of 48 comparisons chosen for verification by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) were consistent with the microarray-predicted result. Furthermore, qPCR and microarray data were highly correlated. These results provide new insights on the regulation of gene expression in a prefrontal corticolimbic region involved in the pathophysiology of stress and major depression. Comparisons between these data from monkeys and those for ventromedial prefrontal cortex in humans with a history of major depression may help to distinguish the molecular signature of stress from other confounding factors in human postmortem brain research.

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“…RBP gene is more strongly expressed in association areas [37]. The third area-specific gene, gdf-7, is specifically expressed in the primate motor cortex [38]. It is interesting to investigate whether there are element differences among these three neocortical areas.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationships Among the Hippocampus, Dentate Gyrus, Mammillary Body, Fornix, and Anterior Commissure from a Viewpoint of Elements

Tohno

Ongkana

et al. 2010

Biol Trace Elem Res

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To elucidate the relationships among the brain regions belonging to the limbic system, the authors investigated the relationships among the hippocampus, dentate gyrus, mammillary body, and fornix, using the anterior commissure as a control, from a viewpoint of elements. After ordinary dissections at Nara Medical University were finished, the hippocampi, dentate gyri, mammillary bodies, fornices, and anterior commissures were resected from identical cerebra of the subjects. The subjects consisted of 23 men and 23 women, ranging in age from 70 to 101 years (average age = 83.5 ± 7.5 years). After ashing with nitric acid and perchloric acid, element contents were determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. With regard to seven elements of Ca, P, S, Mg, Zn, Fe, and Na, it was examined whether there were significant correlations among the hippocampus, dentate gyrus, mammillary body, fornix, and anterior commissure. It was found that there were extremely or very significant direct correlations among all of the five brain regions of the hippocampus, dentate gyrus, mammillary body, fornix, and anterior commissure in the P content. Likewise, with regard to the Fe content, there were significant direct correlations among the four brain regions belonging to the limbic system, except for the anterior commissure. In both the Ca and Zn contents, there were extremely or very significant direct correlations among the hippocampus, dentate gyrus, and mammillary body of the gray matter.

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Similarity and variation in gene expression among human cerebral cortical subregions revealed by DNA macroarrays: technical consideration of RNA expression profiling from postmortem samples

Cited by 22 publications

References 24 publications

Expression of annexin A2 in GABAergic interneurons in the normal rat brain

Expression of annexin A2 in GABAergic interneurons in the normal rat brain

Stress-induced changes in primate prefrontal profiles of gene expression

Relationships Among the Hippocampus, Dentate Gyrus, Mammillary Body, Fornix, and Anterior Commissure from a Viewpoint of Elements

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