Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues

Abstract

BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) constitute a promising tool in regenerative medicine and can be isolated from different human tissues. However, their biological properties are still not fully characterized. Whereas MSCs from different tissue exhibit many common characteristics, their biological activity and some markers are different and depend on their tissue of origin. Understanding the factors that underlie MSC biology should constitute important points for consideration for researchers interested in clinical MSC application. AIM To characterize the biological activity of MSCs during longterm culture isolated from: bone marrow (BM-MSCs), adipose tissue (AT-MSCs), skeletal muscles (SM-MSCs), and skin (SK-MSCs). METHODS MSCs were isolated from the tissues, cultured for 10 passages, and assessed for: phenotype with immunofluorescence and flow cytometry, multipotency with differentiation capacity for osteo-, chondro-, and adipogenesis, stemness markers with qPCR for mRNA for Sox2 and Oct4, and genetic stability for p53 and c-Myc; 27 bioactive factors were screened using the multiplex ELISA array, and spontaneous fusion involving a co-culture of SM-MSCs with BM-MSCs or AT-MSCs stained with PKH26 (red) or PKH67 (green) was performed. RESULTS All MSCs showed the basic MSC phenotype; however, their expression decreased during the follow-up period, as confirmed by fluorescence intensity. The examined MSCs express CD146 marker associated with proangiogenic properties; however their expression decreased in AT-MSCs and SM-MSCs, but was maintained in BM-MSCs. In contrast, in SK-MSCs CD146 expression increased in late passages. All MSCs, except BM-MSCs, expressed PW1, a marker associated with differentiation capacity and apoptosis. BM-MSCs and AT-MSCs expressed stemness markers Sox2 and Oct4 in long-term culture. All MSCs showed a stable p53 and c-Myc expression. BM-MSCs and AT-MSCs maintained their differentiation capacity during the follow-up period. In contrast, SK-MSCs and SM-MSCs had a limited ability to differentiate into adipocytes. BM-MSCs and AT-MSCs revealed similarities in phenotype maintenance, capacity for multilineage differentiation, and secretion of bioactive factors. Because AT-MSCs fused with SM-MSCs as effectively as BM-MSCs, AT-MSCs may constitute an alternative source for BM-MSCs. CONCLUSION Long-term culture affects the biological activity of MSCs obtained from various tissues. The source of MSCs and number of passages are important considerations in regenerative medicine.

Comprehensive analysis of skeletal muscle- and bone-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells in patients with osteoarthritis and femoral neck fracture

“…In the healthy skeletal muscle, a balance is maintained between these myogenic progenitors and the FAPs, and the FAPs are believed to aid in muscle regeneration [28,29]. Kozlowska et al showed that MSCs from the healthy skeletal muscles have the limited adipogenic potential [30], and Marinkovic et al showed that seeding purified skeletal muscle stem cells and FAPs in co-culture at a 1: 1 ratio inhibits lipid droplet formation even under adipogenic conditions [31]. Aging can cause changes in skeletal muscle progenitor cells (e.g., decreased numbers, senescence).…”

Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Wharton’s Jelly Towards Neural Stem Cells Using a Feasible and Repeatable Protocol

“…Even though MSCs harvested from various tissue sources meet all three criteria set for MSCs (see above), an increasing number of comprehensive flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry analysis reveal that MSCs exhibit profound differences in their transcriptome profile [50] and protein expression when isolated from different sources [51,52]. Moreover, the origin of MSCs has an influence on the maintenance of expression of specific markers during the cell culture period [52]. The proliferation rate of MSCs of fetal origin is higher compared to cells isolated from adult tissues [51].…”

Can supernatant from immortalized adipose tissue MSC replace cell therapy? An in vitro study in chronic wounds model

“…For autologous cell transplantation, from all tissue sources of MSC adipose tissue is one of the most accessible. MSCs themselves possess high self-renewal potential, differentiation capacity, and secretory properties, thus, making them useful for clinical application [8]. According to the world's largest clinical trials database run by the US National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health, five clinical studies are currently ongoing to test the potential of atMSCs in the treatment of chronic wounds associated with diabetic foot syndrome or venous stasis ulcer (https://clinicaltrials.gov).…”