Similar head impact acceleration measured using instrumented ear patches in a junior rugby union team during matches in comparison with other sports

D, King; Hume, Patria A.; Gissane, Conor; Clark, Trevor

doi:10.3171/2015.12.peds15605

Cited by 37 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Impacts to the side of the head were commonly reported in male (n=1,762; 42%) and female (n= 791; 48%) amateur rugby league participants. This is similar to junior [26] and amateur senior [21] rugby union and junior [22] rugby league. The impact side differed in each of the comparison studies with males recording impacts to the front [8], side [18] and back [25] of the head while females recorded impacts to the side [8] and back [18,25] of the head.…”

Section: Impact To the Headsupporting

confidence: 66%

“…Two measures of impact frequency were computed for each player: (1) Impacts per match, the total and average number of impacts for all matches, and (2) Player group impacts, the total and average number of recorded head impacts for the playing group (HUF, OSB, ADJ) for all matches. Head impact location variables were computed as azimuth and elevation angles relative to the centre of gravity (CG) of the head centered on the mid-sagittal plane [21,26,34]. These were categorized as front, side, back and top.…”

Section: Data Processing and Statistical Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rugby league and rugby union are two sporting codes where the rules and regulations are identical for both male and female participants. Although studies [21][22][23][24]26] have been published in both these sporting codes, only rugby league have reported on male [23] and female [24] impacts to the head at the same level of participation. Previous studies [11,18,19,25] have reported comparisons between male and female participants where gender speci ic rules applied.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Head impact exposure comparison between male and female amateur rugby league participants measured with an instrumented patch

King¹,

Pa²,

Cummins³

et al. 2019

J Sports Med Ther

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Background: Epidemiological studies report that females experience greater rates of concussion when compared with males. Biomechanical factors may result in greater post-impact head velocities and accelerations for a given force for females when compared with males.Purpose: To quantify the magnitude, frequency, duration and distribution of impacts to the head and body in rugby league match activities for females versus males.Design: Prospective descriptive epidemiological study.Methods: 21 female and 35 male amateur rugby league players wore wireless impact measuring devices (X2Biosystems; xPatch) behind their right ear over the mastoid process during match participation across a single season. All impact data were collected and downloaded for further analysis.Results: Male amateur rugby league players experienced more head impacts than female amateur rugby league players (470 ±208 vs. 184 ±18; t (12) =-3.7; p=0.0028; d=1.94) per-match over the duration of the study. Male amateur rugby league players recorded a higher median resultant Peak Linear Acceleration (PLA(g)) (15.4 vs. 14.6 g; F (824,834) =51.6; p<0.0001; t (1658) =-3.3; p=0.0012; d=0.10) but a lower median resultant Peak Rotational Acceleration (PRA(rad/s 2 ) (2,802.3 vs. 2,886.3 rad/s 2 ; F (831,827) =3.1; p<0.0001; t (1658) =5.7; p<0.0001; d=0.13) when compared with female amateur rugby league players Conclusion: Females recorded lower median values for PLA(g) and Head Impact Telemetry severity profi le (HIT SP ) for all positional groups but had a higher PRA(rad/s 2 ) for Hit-up Forwards (HUF) and Outside Backs (OSB's) when compared with male HUF and OSB's. Females also recorded more impacts to the side of the head (48% vs. 42%) and had a higher 95 th percentile resultant PRA(rad/s 2 ) (12,015 vs. 9,523 rad/s 2 ) to the top of the head when compared with male rugby league players.

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Section: Impact To the Headsupporting

confidence: 66%

Section: Data Processing and Statistical Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Head impact exposure comparison between male and female amateur rugby league participants measured with an instrumented patch

King¹,

Pa²,

Cummins³

et al. 2019

J Sports Med Ther

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Authors of the 2 studies that evaluated head impacts in rugby used the X-Guard 96 or X2 X-Patch. 97 For their X-Patch study, King et al 97 studied youth athletes who sustained a median of 10 impacts per match. The median linear and angular magnitudes were 15g and 2296 rad/s 2 , respectively.…”

Section: Normative Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The median linear and angular magnitudes were 15g and 2296 rad/s 2 , respectively. 97 Using the X-Guard among amateur rugby players…”

Section: Normative Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Head-Impact–Measurement Devices: A Systematic Review

O’Connor

Rowson

Duma

et al. 2017

Journal of Athletic Training

154

117

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Context: With an estimated 3.8 million sport-and recreation-related concussions occurring annually, targeted prevention and diagnostic methods are needed. Biomechanical analysis of head impacts may provide quantitative information that can inform both prevention and diagnostic strategies.Objective: To assess available head-impact devices and their clinical utility.Data Sources: We performed a systematic search of the electronic database PubMed for peer-reviewed publications, using the following phrases: accelerometer and concussion, head impact telemetry, head impacts and concussion and sensor, head impacts and sensor, impact sensor and concussion, linear acceleration and concussion, rotational acceleration and concussion, and xpatch concussion. In addition to the literature review, a Google search for head impact monitor and concussion monitor yielded 15 more devices.Study Selection: Included studies were performed in vivo, used commercially available devices, and focused on sportrelated concussion.Data Extraction: One author reviewed the title and abstract of each study for inclusion and exclusion criteria and then reviewed each full-text article to confirm inclusion criteria. Controversial articles were reviewed by all authors to reach consensus.Data Synthesis: In total, 61 peer-reviewed articles involving 4 head-impact devices were included. Participants in boxing, football, ice hockey, soccer, or snow sports ranged in age from 6 to 24 years; 18% (n ¼ 11) of the studies included female athletes. The Head Impact Telemetry System was the most widely used device (n ¼ 53). Fourteen additional commercially available devices were presented.Conclusions: Measurements collected by impact monitors provided real-time data to estimate player exposure but did not have the requisite sensitivity to concussion. Proper interpretation of previously reported head-impact kinematics across age, sport, and position may inform future research and enable staff clinicians working on the sidelines to monitor athletes. However, head-impact-monitoring systems have limited clinical utility due to error rates, designs, and low specificity in predicting concussive injury.

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Potential of Soft-Shell Rugby Headgear to Mitigate Linear and Rotational Peak Accelerations

et al. 2022

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Rugby union is a popular sport played across the world. The physical contact inherent in the game means that players are at increased risk of concussive injury. In 2019, World Rugby created a new category of permitted headgear under Law 4 as a medical device. This established a pathway for headgear designed to reduce peak accelerations to be worn in matches. Investigations of the potential of soft-shelled protective headgear to reduce head impact accelerations have been mostly limited to the analysis of linear kinematics. However rotational head impact accelerations have long been implicated as far more injurious. The aim of this study, therefore, was to assess the linear and rotational acceleration reduction brought about by soft-shelled rugby headgear. A Hybrid III headform and neck were dropped onto a modular elastomer programmer impact surface, impacting at four different velocities (1.7–3.4 m/s) in five different impact orientations. Impact surface angles were 0°, 30°, and 45°. Peak linear and rotational accelerations, PLA and PRA respectively, were recorded. All headgear significantly reduced PLAs and PRAs when compared to a no headgear scenario. The new generation, headgear reduced all measures significantly more than the older generation of headgear. Impact locations offset from the center of mass of the headform resulted in the highest PRAs measured. As the impact surface angle increased, both PLAs and PRAs decreased. The study demonstrated that headgear tested lowered PLAs by up to 50%, and PRAs by up to 60% compared to the bare headform. Our data suggest that new generation headgear could make a difference on the field in reducing injurious impact accelerations in a collision.

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Similar head impact acceleration measured using instrumented ear patches in a junior rugby union team during matches in comparison with other sports

Cited by 37 publications

References 39 publications

Head impact exposure comparison between male and female amateur rugby league participants measured with an instrumented patch

Head impact exposure comparison between male and female amateur rugby league participants measured with an instrumented patch

Head-Impact–Measurement Devices: A Systematic Review

Potential of Soft-Shell Rugby Headgear to Mitigate Linear and Rotational Peak Accelerations

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