Silybin content and overexpression of chalcone synthase genes in Silybum marianum L. plants under abiotic elicitation

El-Garhy, Hoda A.S.; Khattab, Salah; Moustafa, Mahmoud M. A.; Ali, Rania Abou; Azeiz, Ahmed Z. Abdel; Elhalwagi, Abeer; Sherif, Fadia El

doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.07.011

Cited by 36 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The transcription level of CHS1 was significantly higher compared with CHS2 and CHS3 ( Figure 5). The obtained results were in agreement with previously reported studies [17,21]. Overall, our findings revealed that drought stress improved the expression of the three genes (CHS1, CHS2, and CHS3), which was coordinated by a definite increase in silymarin content (23.76 mg•g −1 DM) in milk thistle.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Sanjari, Shobbar, Ebrahimi, Hasanloo, Sadat-Noori and Tirnaz [17] identified CHS1, CHS2, and CHS3 genes in different parts of milk thistle plant (different leaves, petals, flower heads, and diverse parts of the stem), which are perhaps involved in the silymarin biosynthetic pathway in milk thistle. In plants, the expression of CHS can be induced by Ultraviolet (UV), salinity, drought, wounding, irradiation, herbivory, and microbial pathogens, which subsequently enhance the production of flavonoids and silymarin in milk thistle plants [16,17,21]. Furthermore, Dao, Linthorst, and Verpoorte [16] reported that CHS genes play an essential role in regulating the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway, which triggers an increase in flavonoid and isoflavonoid phytoalexins and are engaged in the salicylic acid defense pathway.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The activities of CHSs genes were found to be regulated by endogenous mechanisms in plant development [18,19] or by diverse exogenous stimuli. These included low temperature [20], gamma irradiation and salinity treatments [21], and methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid [22]. Though drought stress can stimulate and enhance the accumulation of secondary plant metabolites, it also affects the growth of the plant at the physiological and biochemical levels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Impact of Drought Stress on Antioxidant Responses and Accumulation of Flavonolignans in Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn)

ElSayed

El-hamahmy

Rafudeen

et al. 2019

Plants

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Biosynthesis and accumulation of flavonolignans in plants are influenced by different environmental conditions. Biosynthesis and accumulation of silymarin in milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.) were studied under drought stress with respect to the antioxidant defense system at the physiological and gene expression level. The results revealed a reduction in leaf chlorophyll, ascorbic acid, and glutathione contents. In contrast, H2O2, proline, and antioxidative enzyme activities, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione reductase (GR), were increased. These results confirmed that milk thistle undergoes oxidative stress under drought stress. Furthermore, transcription levels of APX, SOD, CAT, 1-Cys-Prx, and PrxQ were significantly increased in milk thistle under drought stress. Overall this suggests that protection against reactive oxygen species and peroxidation reactions in milk thistle are provided by enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. Flavonolignans from milk thistle seeds after different drought treatments were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and showed that severe drought stress enhanced the accumulation of silymarin and its components compared with seeds from the control (100% water capacity). Silybin is the major silymarin component and the most bioactive ingredient of the milk thistle extract. Silybin accumulation was the highest among all silymarin components in seeds obtained from drought-stressed plants. The expression of the chalcone synthase (CHS) genes (CHS1, CHS2, and CHS3), which are associated with the silybin biosynthetic pathway, was also increased during drought stress. These results indicated that milk thistle exhibits tolerance to drought stress and that seed derived from severe drought-stressed plants had higher levels of silymarin.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Impact of Drought Stress on Antioxidant Responses and Accumulation of Flavonolignans in Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn)

ElSayed

El-hamahmy

Rafudeen

et al. 2019

Plants

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“…The study of gene expression in milk thistle fruit is very recent. So far, it has only concerned 5 genes, involved in the pathway of flavonoids biosynthesis, CHS [109,110], CHI, F3H, F3'H and CAD [108,111]. The objective was to verify their roles in the biosynthesis of flavonolignans.…”

Section: Regulation Of Flavonolignans Biosynthesis In Silybum Marianummentioning

confidence: 99%

Biosynthesis and Regulation of Antioxidant Flavonolignans in Milk Thistle

Drouet¹,

Hano²

2021

Antioxidants - Benefits, Sources, Mechanisms of Action

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Mature fruits (achenes) of milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertner, Asteraceae) accumulate high amounts of silymarin, a complex mixture of bioactive antioxidant flavonolignans deriving from taxifolin. Their biological activities in relation with human health promotion and disease prevention have been well described. The conditions of their biosynthesis in planta, however, have long been elusive and thus tend to be a limiting factor for their future applications. Significant advances in understanding their biosynthesis and regulation have been made over the last decade and are outlined in the current chapter.

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“…The uses of Silybum marianum as a hepatoprotective agent to treat different types of liver and biliary disorders in European countries can be dated back to 2000 years ago[11,18-20]. The oldest reported use of milk thistle was from the ancient Greeks and Romans, who used this plant as a treatment for liver ailments and snake bites.…”

Section: Herbal Medicines For Liver Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cautiously using natural medicine to treat liver problems

Xiong¹,

Guan²

2017

WJG

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Natural medicine is a system of therapy that administrates natural agents and their derivatives to treat human diseases. This medicine has been used to treat many kinds of human diseases for thousands of years. The treatment protocols of natural medicine are integrative in nature, and are required to utilize the most appropriate therapies to address the needs of the individual patient. Because of the relative convenience, safety and efficacy, natural medicine is now increasing worldwide. Naturopathic doctors are licensed in many areas of the world and regulated partly by law in these areas, which is quite different from various other forms of complementary and alternative medicine. Liver diseases, such as hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and liver carcinoma, are serious health problems worldwide. Nearly half of the natural agents used in treatment of liver diseases today are natural products and their derivatives. Although natural medicine is beneficial and safe, physicians should pay close attention to the potential side-effects of the naturopathic agents, which lead to liver injury, interstitial pneumonia and acute respiratory failure. Therefore, when administrating naturopathic protocols to patients for the treatment of liver diseases, we should try our best to prevent and avoid as much as possible the negative impact of these medicines. This article highlights the current practice and recommended improvement of natural medicines in the treatment of liver diseases and gives some specific examples to emphasize the prevention and management of adverse reactions of the natural agents and suggests that natural medicine should be cautiously used to treat liver problems.

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Silybin content and overexpression of chalcone synthase genes in Silybum marianum L. plants under abiotic elicitation

Cited by 36 publications

References 25 publications

The Impact of Drought Stress on Antioxidant Responses and Accumulation of Flavonolignans in Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn)

The Impact of Drought Stress on Antioxidant Responses and Accumulation of Flavonolignans in Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn)

Biosynthesis and Regulation of Antioxidant Flavonolignans in Milk Thistle

Cautiously using natural medicine to treat liver problems

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