Silver, Silver Chloride Electrodes

Janz, George J.; Ives, D. J. G.

doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1968.tb20350.x

Cited by 84 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Although the results presented here are perhaps the first proof that AgCl electrodes do not respond as expected in an intracellular environment, several authors have raised objections to their use for measurements of (acl)1 (Gesteland, Howland, Lettvin & Pitts, 1959;Tasaki & Singer, 1968;Janz & Ives, 1968 Gesteland et al (1969) state that methylene blue is reduced intracellularly to its colourless form, and point out that in humans in cases of chronic silver poisoning metallic silver is deposited in the tissues. Janz & Ives (1968) also draw attention to the fact that substances such as acetone are adsorbed onto AgCl electrodes and change the electrode potential.…”

Section: Intracellular Chloridementioning

confidence: 99%

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Intracellular chloride activity and the effects of acetylcholine in snail neurones

Neild¹,

Thomas²

1974

The Journal of Physiology

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SUMMARY1. Cl--sensitive micro-electrodes were used to measure intracellular C1-in snail neurones. The electrodes consisted of a sharpened and chlorided silver wire mounted inside a glass micropipette.2 EACh was equal to EC1.4. There was good agreement between the measured change in internal Cl-and that calculated from the cell size and clamp charge only when it was assumed that a constant voltage offset was added to the potential of the Cl--sensitive electrode while it was inside the nerve cell.5. Cl--sensitive electrodes with AgCl as the sensitive material appear to be unsuitable for intracellular measurement of Cl-, although they might be suitable for following changes in E01.6. In certain D cells ACh also caused an increase in internal Cl-although it decreased the membrane potential. In the presence of hexamethonium, ACh caused a hyperpolarization and a smaller increase in internal chloride.7. It is concluded that the intracellular Cl-in both H and D cells is about 8-3 mm, giving an EC1 of about -58 mV.

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Section: Intracellular Chloridementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Janz & Ives (1968) also draw attention to the fact that substances such as acetone are adsorbed onto AgCl electrodes and change the electrode potential. Little is known about this effect and it is possible that some intracellular compound may do the same.…”

Section: Intracellular Chloridementioning

confidence: 99%

Intracellular chloride activity and the effects of acetylcholine in snail neurones

Neild¹,

Thomas²

1974

The Journal of Physiology

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“…13) The measuring electrode was 15 mm of silver-silver chloride electrodes fabricated by the method of Janz and Ives 14) and placed at a distance of 7 mm from the membrane surface.…”

Section: Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in Electrophysiological Properties of Rat Skin with Age.

Ngawhirunpat¹,

Hatanaka

Katayama

et al. 2002

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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Skin age is one of the biological factors affecting percutaneous absorption. 1,2) To regulate the therapeutic efficacy of transdermal drug delivery, the difference in skin permeability at various ages is a subject of considerable importance. We previously reported that the permeability through the skin decreases with aging, 3,4) and that the extent of this decrease is higher for lipophilic permeants than for hydrophilic permeants. 4) We clarified that the thickness of skin strata is an important factor for limited percutaneous absorption in aging. However, other physiological changes in the skin with age, e.g., moisture content in the skin, lipid composition, lipid content, dermis thickness, and density of skin appendages, have been also reported. [5][6][7][8] Therefore the age-related differences in the skin barrier function must be further investigated based on physiological alterations in the skin to elucidate the mechanisms of the age dependency of transdermal absorption of drugs.There have been many reports on age-related changes in the transdermal permeation of drugs, 3,4,[6][7][8][9] however, age-related changes in skin permeability have not been fully interpreted because of large interindividual variance and the limited number of model permeants. Recently, it was reported that impedance parameters can sensitively reflect the properties of skin permeation pathways. [10][11][12] The impedance technique enables us to determine rapidly changes in skin physical properties, and one measurement provides information on pathways for both hydrophilic and lipophilic permeants. Therefore skin impedance analysis may be a useful method to elucidate the skin barrier function at different ages.In the present study, we attempted to apply impedance analysis to investigate age-dependent changes in permeation pathways of rat skin. In vitro skin impedance data of rats at various ages were compared. Physiological characteristics of the skin, e.g., the water and lipid content of the stratum corneum and the thickness of the skin strata, were also evaluated. Finally, we demonstrated the age dependency of relations between these electrical and physiological properties. MATERIALS AND METHODS AnimalsMale STD: Wistar rats at the age of 5, 10, 21, 90, and 180 d (Japan SLC Inc., Hamamatsu, Japan) were used. Rats were fed commercial food pellets and tap water ad libitum. Under sodium pentobarbital anesthesia (50 mg/kg, i.p.), a round section of the abdominal skin was excised, and then the subcutaneous fat and other extraneous tissue were trimmed off carefully. The skin sample was immediately used in the following skin impedance experiments.Skin Impedance Measurement and Analysis A sideby-side, two-chamber electrochemical cell with four electrodes, two for supplying current and two for recording signals, was designed according to the procedure of Burnett and Bagniefski.11) The rat skin was mounted in an O-ring seal between the two chambers, each having 23 ml volume and 1 cm 2 exposed area. The current-supplying electrode consisted of 0....

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“…This electrode consisted in a linear Ag wire of approximately 4-mm longitude and 0.5-mm diameter, also prepared by the usual method [31]. In the last orifice of each chamber a glass L-shaped capillary tube was inserted in such a way that the horizontal segments remains at the same height in order to avoid any pressure difference between both chambers.…”

Section: Chronopotentiometric Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A reversible Ag/AgCl electrode with a large active surface was introduced in one of the orifice to inject the electric current. This electrode consisted of a 14-15 turn spiral wire (1-mm diameter) prepared according to a method described in detailed elsewhere [31].…”

Section: Chronopotentiometric Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%