“…To date, many strategies have been designed for the detection of 4-NP, including liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, , electrochemistry, − capillary electrophoresis, , photoelectrochemistry, and high-performance liquid chromatography. , However, these methods require expensive equipment, complex sample pretreatment, or electrode modification and have long detection times, limiting their widespread application. Among these methods, fluorescence spectroscopy has been receiving increasing attention due to its simplicity, rapid response, high sensitivity, and selectivity. , Various fluorescence methods for detecting 4-NP have been developed, including inorganic nanomaterials, organic fluorescent dyes, , semiconductor quantum dots (QDs), , and metal–organic framework materials, which possess excellent physical and chemical properties.…”