Silver nanoparticles induced genotoxicity and oxidative stress in tomato plants

Abstract

IntroductionSilver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used among other nanoparticles in many industries within a wide range of consumer products because of their antibacterial and biocidal properties (Thuesombat et al., 2014). In recent years, the significant increase in the consumption of nanoparticles has caused environmental, health, and safety concerns regarding their potential effects (Ma et al., 2010;Pokhrel and Dubey, 2013). Nanoparticles could uncertainly spread to the environment. However, the interaction between AgNPs and plant systems is still not well known (Patlolla et al., 2012;Song et al., 2013).AgNPs are known to be absorbed by plants and could interact with intracellular parts causing water imbalances, cell damage, and decreases in photosynthesis (Kumari et al., 2009;Qian et al., 2013). They are also reported to have genotoxic effects on plant cells, inducing chromosomal aberrations and micronucleus induction (Patlolla et al., 2012). However, the impacts of nanoparticles on plants can vary according to the nanoparticle concentration, size, chemical properties, and plant species (Ma et al., 2010;Thuesombat et al., 2014).Nanotoxicity could lead to oxidative stress and previous studies indicate that AgNPs could induce toxicity due to their effect on reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation (Qian et al., 2013;McShan et al., 2014). The imbalance of ROS production and antioxidant activity can cause oxidative damage, and plants cope with this oxidative damage by their antioxidant defense mechanism (Saed-Moucheshi et al., 2014). Previously, studies on the genotoxicity of nanoparticles have used cell viability, chromosome aberration, or micronucleus assays to identify the genotoxic effect, and comet analysis for detecting the DNA damage in different plant species (Kumari et al., 2009;Kumari et al., 2011;Patlolla et al., 2012;Ghosh et al., 2012). However, these methods are very restricted for identifying the genotoxic effects of nanoparticles at the DNA level. DNA-based techniques are sensitive and selective assays that help to determine the genotoxic effects of environmental pollutants on DNA. One of these methods used for these aims is the intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR)-PCR assay. ISSR-PCR uses as primer microsatellite repeats (Zietkiewicz et al., 1994). The ISSR-PCR method is more sensitive than the random amplified polymorphic DNA assay (RAPD) (Correia et al., 2014;Bajpai et al., 2015), because of the exhibiting specificity of the sequence-tagged-site markers and high ratio of reproducibility potential owing to the use of longer primers (16-25 bp).

Effects of different sizes silica nanoparticle on the liver, kidney and brain in rats: Biochemical and histopathological evaluation

“…They are responsible in the conversion of H2O2 into H2O and molecular O2. The decomposition product of the polyunsatured fatty acids, MDA, is produced naturally as a result of lipid peroxidation and is often used as an indicator of oxidative damage at the cellular level [37]. In this study, to evaluate oxidative stress MDA level, SOD and CAT activities were measured in samples of tissue.…”

Cytotoxic, Genotoxic, and Polymorphism Effects on Vanilla planifolia Jacks ex Andrews after Long-Term Exposure to Argovit® Silver Nanoparticles

“…As far as we know, only three works reported the effect of AgNPs with respect to the induction of polymorphism or at the level of protein expression due to modifications in the genome with very different results [ 14 , 27 , 28 ]. In all systems, positive effects on plants were observed when exposed to low concentrations of AgNPs.…”

“…A decrease in the genome template stability (GTS) was observed on Solanum lycopersicum L . treated with 10 mg/L or more of AgNPs after 336 h of exposure [ 28 ], which could improve the genetic variability of the species. Finally, lower expression of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (ACS)—a key enzyme in ethylene biosynthesis—was observed on Tecomella undulata (Roxb.)…”

Ecofriendly Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Potato Steroidal Alkaloids and Their Activity Against Phytopathogenic Fungi

“…Concerning their effects on plants, AgNPs could interact with intracellular parts of the plant tissues causing water imbalances, cell damage, and decreases in photosynthesis 45 . They are also reported to have genotoxic effects on plant cells, inducing chromosomal aberrations and micronucleus induction 46 , and DNA damage and lipid peroxidation 47 . Nevertheless, the lack of knowledge on the possible damage due to the low discharge levels of nanomaterials, has led to a gap in our understanding of the behavior and fate of nanomaterials in the environment 48 .…”