Silurian and Lower Devonian plant assemblages from the Anglo‐Welsh Basin: a palaeobotanical and palynological synthesis

Abstract

A comprehensive survey of plant assemblages from Upper Silurian (Gorstian-Pȓídolí) and Lower Devonian (LochkovianPragian) localities in South Wales and the Welsh Borderland is presented, together with some comments on recent improvements in dating and correlation. Spore assemblages provide a stratigraphic framework for plant evolutionary studies and, along with microvertebrates, enable correlation from continental to marine rocks, i.e. near-shore to shelf deposits. While it is recognized that the assemblages provide the most complete and extensive record of the history of vascular plants in a restricted geographical area during the time interval, it seems likely that major evolutionary innovation occurred elsewhere. The plants themselves display a number of types of fossilization. Particularly important are the pyrite permineralizations which have helped in the elucidation of the ultrastructure of tracheids in early vascular plants. Minute, coalified, relatively uncompressed fossils (mesofossils) from the Pȓídolí Lochkovian of the Welsh Borderland are hypothesized to be the products of wildfire, the earliest records to date. In addition to displaying often exquisite anatomical detail, the sporangia contain spores which have been linked to those in dispersed assemblages. Such relationships are helpful in the reconstruction of local and regional vegetation, even in the absence of meso-and megafossils. However, because these fossils are allochthonous and preserved in fluvial sediments, the habitats of the plants remain uncertain. A new hypothesis suggests that interfluvial areas, where calcretes are interpreted as relicts of vertisols and a seasonally dry climate, provided refugia in the Lower Devonian for the cryptosporeproducing plants which dominated Ordovician and Lower Silurian land vegetation, while vascular plants colonized areas in the immediate vicinity of rivers. Variation in regional vegetation is explored via comparisons of composition of spore assemblages in southern Britain and Scotland and timing of appearances of derived taxa, integrated with limited information on the spore producers.

A timeline for terrestrialization: consequences for the carbon cycle in the Palaeozoic

“…The rock outcrop area plot demonstrates that very few unequivocal terrestrial deposits are known before the Latest Silurian, and that terrestrial deposits become widespread during the Early Devonian. The land plant body fossil record of this region is known to be highly sensitive to facies type [150]. Such fossils are rare in marine sediments but highly abundant in fluviatile or lacustrine settings.…”

Embryophytic sporophytes in the Rhynie and Windyfield cherts

“…The present author started by commenting on the comparatively few taxa in the chert. The missing plants (at least compared with coeval assemblages preserved in clastic rocks of the Old Red Continent) are characterised by an abundance of thick-walled tissues (D. Edwards & Richardson 2004). Ventarura has a cortical zone of cells with beautifully preserved three-layered walls -even here different because it is deep seated compared with peripheral stereomes of other coeval zosterophylls.…”

The diversification of Paleozoic fire systems and fluctuations in atmospheric oxygen concentration

“…The models selected for comparison include the most recent predictions of Late Paleozoic O 2 fluctuations (3) and a prior, extensively cited and well accepted, set of predictions (4 (18). These small plants had restricted environmental tolerances but could withstand some water stress (19). Charred plant fragments from the Prídolí (Late Silurian) constitute the earliest evidence of vegetation capable of propagating fire (13) (Fig.…”