Abstract:To investigate the structure of silk and its degradation properties, we have monitored the structure of silk using scanning electron microscopy and frozen sections. Raw silk and degummed raw silk were immersed in four types of degradation solutions for 156 d to observe their degradation properties. The subcutaneous implants in rats were removed after 7, 14, 56, 84, 129, and 145 d for frozen sectioning and subsequent staining with hematoxylin and eosin (H.E.), DAPI, Beta-actin and Collagen I immunofluorescence … Show more
“…Silk from silkworms is composed of two primary proteins: SF (approximately 75%) and sericin (approximately 25%) (Figure 1) [22]. In raw silk, sericin is positioned across the surface of two parallel fibroin fibers, binding them together.…”
Section: Physicochemical Properties Of Silk Fibroin As Biomaterialsmentioning
The biological performance of artificial biomaterials is closely related to their structure characteristics. Cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and differentiation are all strongly affected by the different scale structures of biomaterials. Silk fibroin (SF), extracted mainly from silkworms, has become a popular biomaterial due to its excellent biocompatibility, exceptional mechanical properties, tunable degradation, ease of processing, and sufficient supply. As a material with excellent processability, SF can be processed into various forms with different structures, including particulate, fiber, film, and three-dimensional (3D) porous scaffolds. This review discusses and summarizes the various constructions of SF-based materials, from single structures to multi-level structures, and their applications. In combination with single structures, new techniques for creating special multi-level structures of SF-based materials, such as micropatterning and 3D-printing, are also briefly addressed.
“…Silk from silkworms is composed of two primary proteins: SF (approximately 75%) and sericin (approximately 25%) (Figure 1) [22]. In raw silk, sericin is positioned across the surface of two parallel fibroin fibers, binding them together.…”
Section: Physicochemical Properties Of Silk Fibroin As Biomaterialsmentioning
The biological performance of artificial biomaterials is closely related to their structure characteristics. Cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and differentiation are all strongly affected by the different scale structures of biomaterials. Silk fibroin (SF), extracted mainly from silkworms, has become a popular biomaterial due to its excellent biocompatibility, exceptional mechanical properties, tunable degradation, ease of processing, and sufficient supply. As a material with excellent processability, SF can be processed into various forms with different structures, including particulate, fiber, film, and three-dimensional (3D) porous scaffolds. This review discusses and summarizes the various constructions of SF-based materials, from single structures to multi-level structures, and their applications. In combination with single structures, new techniques for creating special multi-level structures of SF-based materials, such as micropatterning and 3D-printing, are also briefly addressed.
“…Compared to the previously reported bioresorbable polyester polymers, silkâbased natural peptide fibers (naturally produced by Bombyx mori larvae) have been reported as a more attractive alternative for the design of bioresorbable sensors and electronics because of the robust mechanical properties, the ability to tailor dissolution and biodegradation rates (from hours to years), the formation of noninflammatory amino acid degradation products, and the option to prepare the materials at ambient conditions to preserve sensitive electronic functions . From the chemical point of view, silk consists of two main proteins, namely, sericin and fibroin, the latter being the structural center of the silk, while the former being the sticky material surrounding it.…”
Section: Bioresorbable Materials and Dissolution Chemistrymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…From the chemical point of view, silk consists of two main proteins, namely, sericin and fibroin, the latter being the structural center of the silk, while the former being the sticky material surrounding it. In vitro dissolution tests of raw silk and of fibroin and sericin filaments (PBS at 37 °C) showed that dissolution occurred with weight losses of 0.12 and 0.08% day â1 , respectively …”
Section: Bioresorbable Materials and Dissolution Chemistrymentioning
Over the last decade, scientists have dreamed about the development of a bioresorbable technology that exploits a new class of electrical, optical, and sensing components able to operate in physiological conditions for a prescribed time and then disappear, being made of materials that fully dissolve in vivo with biologically benign byproducts upon external stimulation. The final goal is to engineer these components into transient implantable systems that directly interact with organs, tissues, and biofluids in realâtime, retrieve clinical parameters, and provide therapeutic actions tailored to the disease and patient clinical evolution, and then biodegrade without the need for deviceâretrieving surgery that may cause tissue lesion or infection. Here, the major results achieved in bioresorbable technology are critically reviewed, with a bottomâup approach that starts from a rational analysis of dissolution chemistry and kinetics, and biocompatibility of bioresorbable materials, then moves to in vivo performance and stability of electrical and optical bioresorbable components, and eventually focuses on the integration of such components into bioresorbable systems for clinically relevant applications. Finally, the technology readiness levels (TRLs) achieved for the different bioresorbable devices and systems are assessed, hence the open challenges are analyzed and future directions for advancing the technology are envisaged.
“…Complete removal of sericin from the fibroin fibers is the key step in insuring the material's biocompatibility. Neither fibroin or sericin elicit an immune response when isolated, but when combined there is an inflammatory reaction (Jiao et al, 2017;Liu et al, 2015;Mandal, Priya, & Kundu, 2009;Panilaitis et al, 2003;Thurber et al, 2015). Silk fibroin has proven that it outperforms the leading polymer scaffolding materials in biocompatibility and has been shown to cause minimal immunogenic effects on a number of cell types, including peripheral nerve ganglia (Yang et al, 2007), fibroblasts (Boonrungsiman et al, 2018), and chondrocytes (D. K. Kim, In Kim, Sim, & Khang, 2017;Talukdar et al, 2011).…”
Silk is an especially appealing biomaterial due to its adaptable mechanical properties, allowing it to be used in a wide range of tissue engineering applications. However, processing conditions play a critical role in determining silk's mechanical properties, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. While bulk properties of silk have been widely explored, focusing on microscopic features is becoming increasingly important, as modifications at this scale largely affect the resulting regenerative properties of the biomaterial. Structural changes caused by the silk source, extraction, and processing should be carefully considered, as they will affect the biocompatibility and degradability of silk fibroin. Processing techniques and physical properties of silk that make it an ideal material for many biomedical applications will be explored. This article is categorized under: Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanotechnology in Tissue Repair and Replacement Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanomaterials and Implants.
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