Silk fibroin nanoparticles as a versatile oral delivery system for drugs of different biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) classes: A comprehensive comparison

Development of pH-responsive Eudragit S100-functionalized silk fibroin nanoparticles as a prospective drug delivery system

“…The blank FNP and ES100-FNP (i.e., particles without drugs) were formulated by the condensation method [ 28 ]. For this, 1 mL of pure ethanol was added to 1 mL of the fibroin solution (1% w/v), with or without the addition of 1 mL ES100 ethanolic solution (1% w/v).…”

“…To investigate the ability to release furosemide of FNP-Fu and ES100-FNP-Fu, the in vitro release tests were carried out using the standard shaking method [ 28 ] at 37°C in different pH conditions, including the gastrointestinal tract (HCl pH 1.2 for 2 h, followed by PBS pH 6.8 for 6 h), pH 6.8, pH 9.5, and pH 12.…”

“…Therefore, fibroin has been used in a variety of drug delivery systems, including hydrogels, films, microparticles, and NP, for administrations via numerous routes of oral, parenteral, transdermal, and ophthalmic [ 8 , 14 – 19 ]. Interestingly, fibroin maintains its high stability across a broad pH range from less than 5 to 14 [ 7 ], making FNP suitable for utilizations in harsh conditions such as the gastrointestinal tract [ 20 ], the cancer microenvironment [ 21 ], and the inflammatory areas [ 22 ]. However, the FNP ability to precisely control the encapsulated drug release rates in different pH is limited, possibly due to the weak drug-material interactions and the loosely packed structure of fibroin in FNP [ 23 , 24 ].…”

“…The utilizations of polymers for FNP functionalization, namely poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), and poly(ethylenimine) (PEI), have resulted in remarkable advantages, including controllable particle sizes, enhanced drug loading efficiencies, fortified particle structures, sustained drug releases, and safeguarded drug degradations [ 25 – 28 ]. During the functionalization processes (i.e., coating, incorporating), additional interactions between fibroin and polymers are created, including (1) the van der Waals forces between large fibroin and polymer molecules, (2) the ionic interactions between the negatively charged fibroin and the positively charged polymers, (3) the hydrogen bonding between the hydrogen atoms and oxygen/nitrogen atoms in the fibroin and polymers, and (4) the hydrophobic interactions between the repetitive Gly-Ser-Gly-Ala-Gly-Ala amino acid sequences of fibroin and the lipophilic sections of polymers).…”

Preparations and characterizations of effervescent granules containing azithromycin solid dispersion for children and elder: Solubility enhancement, taste-masking, and digestive acidic protection

“…To achieve the pharmacological response, a drug solubility and dissolution rate are two of the factors determining the extent, release rate, and oral medication absorption [ [9] , [10] , [11] , [12] , [13] ]. Thus, it is vital to use efficient preparation processes to increase the drug solubility, consequently enhances its bioavailability.…”