Silk Fibroin Hybrids for Biological Scaffolds with Adhesive Surface and Adaptability to the Target Tissue Change

Abstract

Background Regenerative Medicine (RM) is a branch of medicine that aims to regenerate tissues and organs to overcome the problems transplants entail (poor availability, risk of rejection and intense immunosuppression). To do this, RM makes use of tissue engineering (TE). This fundamental branch deals with creating biological scaffolds capable of performing the role that physiologically belongs to the extracellular matrix (ECM). In this review, we report how specific characteristics of the scaffolds (bio-compatibility, biodegradability and mechanical and conformal properties) can be obtained using 3D printing, which facilitates the emulation of physiological tissues and organs. Purpose and scope This review reports recent advances in the fabrication method of bioactive scaffolds that can be used clinically, providing support for cell seeding and proliferation. To this end, silk fibroin, tannin and graphene were used to improve the scaffold’s electro-bio-mechanical properties. These materials in different compositions are studied to demonstrate their potential use as bio-ink in bioadhesives and cellularized and implantable 3D-printed scaffolds. Summary of new synthesis and conclusions reached in the review Silk fibroin is a natural biopolymer; tannin, on the other hand, is a biological polyphenol, highly reactive with other molecules by nature and with promising antioxidant capabilities. Finally, graphene is nothing more than a monolayer of graphite that has been shown to implement the mechanics and electrical conductivity of the compounds in which it is inserted; it also has excellent biocompatibility and surface area, qualities that promote cell adhesion and growth. Conclusion Polyphenols and graphene have been shown to work in synergy in improving the electro-mechanical properties of silk fibroin scaffolds. We reported optimal and potentially market-competitive bioadhesives, but above all, the proliferation of neuronal precursor cells in vitro was successfully demonstrated.

4D Printing Shape-Morphing Hybrid Biomaterials for Advanced Bioengineering Applications

“…Among them, silk fibroin (SF) attracted a lot of attention from researchers because of its extracellular matrix (ECM)-likeness, low cost, adjustable mechanical properties, controllable degradation, and good biocompatibility [30]. Moreover, the timeline of the development of SF-based ink in 3D printing technology over the past 30 years has witnessed great research and application value for the customized biomedical field [31]. These results encouraged further exploration of SF-based biomaterials via 4D printing.…”