Silicone passive sampling used to identify novel dermal chemical exposures of firefighters and assess PPE innovations

Bonner, Emily M.; Horn, Gavin P.; Smith, Denise L.; Kerber, Stephen; Fent, Kenneth W.; Tidwell, Lane G.; Scott, Richard P.; Adams, Kaley T.; Anderson, Kim A.

doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.114095

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…The use of barrier clothing as personal protective equipment (PPE) in occupational settings is well-established, but it may not be effective if the clothing is not properly cleaned before use. For example, among firefighters who are frequently exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), several clothing interventions through increased cleaning of clothes and using barrier layers have been conducted to reduce dermal exposure to PAHs. – Notably, our project focused on the uptake of phthalate and phthalate alternatives via the clothing-mediated pathway with concurrent air measurements in home environments. While our intervention did not focus on contaminant transfer to clothing from occupational environments specifically, participants wore fresh clothing throughout the 2 days of the study period; therefore, the fresh clothes could have mediated personal exposure from other microenvironments.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reducing Transdermal Uptake of Semivolatile Plasticizers from Indoor Environments: A Clothing Intervention

Hammel,

Eftekhari,

Eichler

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reducing Transdermal Uptake of Semivolatile Plasticizers from Indoor Environments: A Clothing Intervention

Hammel,

Eftekhari,

Eichler

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…77 The firefighting profession also faces the risk of exposure to PAH derivatives, due to the penetration of contaminants through gaps in their personal protective equipment, intensifying dermal exposure. 78 ■ BIOTRANSFORMATION ROUTES OF PAH…”

Section: Derivativesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Security guards working near heavy traffic are also subject to occupational exposure to OPAHs, as evidenced by a significant increase in oxidative stress markers following an 8 h shift . The firefighting profession also faces the risk of exposure to PAH derivatives, due to the penetration of contaminants through gaps in their personal protective equipment, intensifying dermal exposure …”

Section: Identification and Occurrences Of Pah Derivativesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Review of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Derivatives: Occurrences, Levels, Biotransformation, Exposure Biomarkers, and Toxicity

Peng,

Dong,

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) derivatives constitute a significant class of emerging contaminants that have been ubiquitously detected in diverse environmental matrixes, with some even exhibiting higher toxicities than their corresponding parent PAHs. To date, compared with parent PAHs, fewer systematic summaries and reanalyses are available for PAH derivatives with great environmental concerns. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the chemical species, levels, biotransformation patterns, chemical analytical methods, internal exposure routes with representative biomarkers, and toxicity of PAH derivatives, primarily focusing on nitrated PAHs (NPAHs), oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs), halogenated PAHs (XPAHs), and alkylated PAHs (APAHs). A collection of 188 compounds from four categories, 44 NPAHs, 36 OPAHs, 56 APAHs, and 52 XPAHs, has been compiled from 114 studies that documented the environmental presence of PAH derivatives. These compounds exhibited weighted average air concentrations that varied from a lower limit of 0.019 pg/m3 to a higher threshold of 4060 pg/m3. Different analytical methods utilizing comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOF-MS), gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS), comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC × GC-QQQ-MS), and Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS), that adopted untargeted strategies for the identification of PAH derivatives are also reviewed here. Additionally, an in-depth analysis of biotransformation patterns for each category is provided, including the likelihood of specific biotransformation reaction types. For the toxicity, we primarily summarized key metabolic activation pathways, which could result in the formation of reactive metabolites capable of covalently bonding with DNA and tissue proteins, and potential health outcomes such as carcinogenicity and genotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation and immunotoxicity, and developmental toxicity that might be mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Finally, we pinpoint research challenges and emphasize the need for further studies on identifying PAH derivatives, tracking external exposure levels, evaluating internal exposure levels and associated toxicity, clarifying exposure routes, and considering mixture exposure effects. This review aims to provide a broad understanding of PAH derivatives’ identification, environmental occurrence, human exposure, biotransformation, and toxicity, offering a valuable reference for guiding future research in this underexplored area.

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“…Naturally, BTs have been detected in human urine (Asimakopoulos et al 2012 , 2013 ), amniotic fluid (Li et al 2018 ), and adipose tissue (Wang et al 2015 ), and the estimated main exposure routes are via diet (including drinking water) (Castro et al 2023b ; Janna et al 2011 ; LeFevre et al 2017 ), air pollution inhalation (Maceira et al 2018 ; Wan et al 2016 ; Wang et al 2013 ), and dermal contact (Avagyan et al 2015 ; Liu et al 2017 ). Firefighters are of particular concern due to potential occupational exposure from aqueous film forming foams (AFFFs), in which BTRs are used as anticorrosive agents (Ateia et al 2023 ; Norman & Regina 1993 ; Titaley et al 2022 ), and from smoke, which can contain both BTRs and BTHs due to their widespread application (e.g., as flame retardants) (Bonner et al 2023 ; Poutasse et al 2020 ; Zhang et al 2020 ). However, there is still lack of data on, and understanding of human BT exposure and its links with health outcomes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to benzotriazoles and benzothiazoles in Czech male population and its associations with biomarkers of liver function, serum lipids and oxidative stress

Pálešová,

Bláhová,

Janoš

et al. 2024

Int Arch Occup Environ Health

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Introduction Benzotriazoles and benzothiazoles (BTs) are high-production volume chemicals as well as widely distributed emerging pollutants with potential health risk. However, information about human exposure to BTs and associated health outcomes is limited. Objective We aimed to characterise exposure to BTs among Czech men, including possible occupational exposure among firefighters, its predictors, and its associations with liver function, serum lipids and oxidative stress. Methods 165 participants (including 110 firefighters) provided urine and blood samples that were used to quantify the urinary levels of 8 BTs (high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry), and 4 liver enzymes, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine. Linear regression was used to assess associations with population characteristics and biomarkers of liver function, serum lipids and oxidative stress. Regression models were adjusted for potential confounding variables and false discovery rate procedure was applied to account for multiplicity. Results The BTs ranged from undetected up to 46.8 ng/mL. 2-hydroxy-benzothiazole was the most predominant compound (detection frequency 83%; median 1.95 ng/mL). 1-methyl-benzotriazole (1M-BTR) was measured in human samples for the first time, with a detection frequency 77% and median 1.75 ng/mL. Professional firefighters had lower urinary 1M-BTR compared to non-firefighters. Urinary 1M-BTR was associated with levels of γ-glutamyl transferase (β = − 17.54%; 95% CI: − 26.127, − 7.962). Conclusion This is the first study to investigate BT exposure in Central Europe, including potentially exposed firefighters. The findings showed a high prevalence of BTs in the study population, the relevance of 1M-BTR as a new biomarker of exposure, and an urgent need for further research into associated adverse health outcomes. Graphical abstract

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Silicone passive sampling used to identify novel dermal chemical exposures of firefighters and assess PPE innovations

Cited by 8 publications

References 42 publications

Reducing Transdermal Uptake of Semivolatile Plasticizers from Indoor Environments: A Clothing Intervention

Reducing Transdermal Uptake of Semivolatile Plasticizers from Indoor Environments: A Clothing Intervention

A Systematic Review of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Derivatives: Occurrences, Levels, Biotransformation, Exposure Biomarkers, and Toxicity

Exposure to benzotriazoles and benzothiazoles in Czech male population and its associations with biomarkers of liver function, serum lipids and oxidative stress

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