2019
DOI: 10.4158/accr-2018-0277
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Silicone Granulomatous Inflammation Resulting in Hypercalcemia: A Review of the Literature

Abstract: Objective: Silicone usage for cosmetic enhancement is common, although it is not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Granulomatous inflammation leading to hypercalcemia is a rare complication. We present a case of non-parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitriolmediated hypercalcemia in a woman with a history of cosmetic injections. Methods: Case report and review of the literature. Results: A 48-year-old female with metabolic syndrome was evaluated for severe hypercalcemia (calcium >15 mg/dL). Laborat… Show more

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Cited by 8 publications
(9 citation statements)
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References 28 publications
(15 reference statements)
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“… 1 Moreover, it is hypothesized that a T-cell mediated reaction triggered by silicone, adulterants, infection, or even trauma may activate macrophages and trigger release of cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6. 1 , 2 In our patient, delayed follow-up revealed worsening hypercalcemia, hypoparathyroidism, depressed plasma calcidiol, and relatively increased plasma calcitriol, consistent with those seen in granulomatous diseases with preserved renal function. 3 , 4 …”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 79%
“… 1 Moreover, it is hypothesized that a T-cell mediated reaction triggered by silicone, adulterants, infection, or even trauma may activate macrophages and trigger release of cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6. 1 , 2 In our patient, delayed follow-up revealed worsening hypercalcemia, hypoparathyroidism, depressed plasma calcidiol, and relatively increased plasma calcitriol, consistent with those seen in granulomatous diseases with preserved renal function. 3 , 4 …”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 79%
“… 12 Reports have described silicone granulomas responding well to minocycline and doxycycline due to their immunomodulatory properties. 13 Methotrexate may also be used to treat inflammation caused by silicosis via increased release of adenosine and immunosuppression through apoptosis and clonal deletion of T-cells. 13 Long-term outcomes documented in these patients range from complete remission with steroids, to overt renal failure due to long-term elevated calcium levels.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… 6 Other severe complications of LIS include acute pneumonitis, 2 granulomatous hepatitis, 2 and hypercalcemia associated with siliconoma. 7 Inflammation can occur months to years after injection. Some theories have been proposed to explain LIS-induced inflammation, including immunologic viral cross-reactivity and acute and/or chronic inflammation due to silicone impurity.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%