Silicon in the dayside atmospheres of two ultra-hot Jupiters

Cont, D.; Yan, F.; Reiners, A.; Nortmann, L.; Molaverdikhani, Karan; Πάλλη, Ε.; Stangret, M.; Henning, Th.; Ribas, I.; Quirrenbach, A.; Caballero, J. A.; Osorio, M. R. Zapatero; Amado, P. J.; Aceituno, J.; Casasayas-Barris, N.; Czesla, S.; Kaminski, A.; López‐Puertas, M.; Montes, D.; Morales, J. C.; Morello, Giuseppe; Nagel, E.; Sánchez-López, A.; Sedaghati, E.; Zechmeister, M.

doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202142776

Cited by 23 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…To verify the real atmospheric origin of the differences found, it will be useful to collect more data with a high S/N to check the repeatability of the behaviour and possibly give a stronger constraint on the T-P profiles directly from the observations. After the submission of our work, Si I dayside emission was detected from the planet (Cont et al 2022), and a strong temperature inversion consistent with our results was retrieved in its atmosphere using Fe I templates (Yan et al 2022). Temperature inversion was also retrieved detecting H 2 O and CO emission features at low resolution (Fu et al 2022).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

The GAPS Programme at TNG

Borsa

Giacobbe

Bonomo

et al. 2022

A&A

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The detection of lines in emission in planetary atmospheres provides direct evidence of temperature inversion. We confirm the trend of ultra-hot Jupiters orbiting A-type stars that show temperature inversions on their daysides by detecting metals emission lines in the dayside of KELT-20b. We first detected the planetary emission by using the G2 stellar mask of the HARPS-N pipeline, which is mainly composed of neutral iron lines, as a template. Using neutral iron templates, we performed a retrieval of the atmospheric temperature-pressure profile of the planet, confirming a thermal inversion. Then we created models of planetary emission of different species using the retrieved inverted temperature-pressure profile. By using the cross-correlation technique, we detected Fe I, Fe II, and Cr I at signal-to-noise ratio levels of 7.1, 3.9, and 3.6, respectively. The latter was detected in emission in the atmosphere of an exoplanet for the first time. Contrary to Fe I, Fe II and Cr I were detected only after the occultation and not before, hinting at different atmospheric properties in view during the pre- and post-occultation orbital phases. A further retrieval of the temperature-pressure profile performed independently during the pre- and post-occultation phases, while not highly significant, points to a steeper thermal inversion in the post-occultation.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

The GAPS Programme at TNG

Borsa

Giacobbe

Bonomo

et al. 2022

A&A

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“…To verify the real atmospheric origin of the differences found, it will be useful to collect more data with high S/N to check the repeatability of the behaviour and possibly give a stronger constrain on the T-P profiles directly from the observations. After the submission of our work, Si i dayside emission has been detected from the planet (Cont et al 2022), and a strong temperature inversion consistent with our results was retrieved in its atmosphere using Fe i templates (Yan et al 2022). Temperature inversion was retrieved also detecting H 2 O and CO emission features at low resolution (Fu et al 2022).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

The GAPS Programme at TNG XXXIII. HARPS-N detects multiple atomic species in emission from the dayside of KELT-20b

Borsa,

Giacobbe,

Bonomo

et al. 2022

Preprint

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The detection of lines in emission in planetary atmospheres provides direct evidence of temperature inversion. We confirm the trend of ultra-hot Jupiters orbiting A-type stars showing temperature inversions on their daysides, by detecting metals emission lines in the dayside of KELT-20b. We first detect the planetary emission by using the G2 stellar mask of the HARPS-N pipeline, which is mainly composed of neutral iron lines, as a template. Using neutral iron templates, we perform a retrieval of the atmospheric temperaturepressure profile of the planet, confirming a thermal inversion. Then we create models of planetary emission of different species using the retrieved inverted temperature-pressure profile. By using the cross-correlation technique, we detect Fe i, Fe ii and Cr i at signal-tonoise ratio levels of 7.1, 3.9 and 3.6, respectively. The latter is detected for the first time in emission in the atmosphere of an exoplanet. Contrary to Fe i, Fe ii and Cr i are detected only after the occultation and not before, hinting for different atmospheric properties in view on the pre-and post-occultation orbital phases. A further retrieval of the temperature-pressure profile performed independently on the pre-and post-occultation phases, while not highly significant, points to a steeper thermal inversion in the post-occultation.

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“…We note that OH and TiO emission lines were found in WASP-33b (Nugroho et al 2021;Cont et al 2021). Cont et al (2022) have recently reported the detection of Si i in WASP-33b and KELT-20b. The spectral lines of these detected species are all in emission, which unambiguously indicates the presence of temperature inversion layers on the dayside of these UHJs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of CO emission lines in the dayside atmospheres of WASP-33b and WASP-189b with GIANO

Yan

Πάλλη

Reiners

et al. 2022

A&A

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Ultra-hot Jupiters (UHJs) are expected to possess temperature inversion layers in their dayside atmospheres. Recent thermal emission observations have discovered several atomic and molecular species along with temperature inversions in UHJs. We observed the thermal emission spectra of two UHJs (WASP-33b and WASP-189b) with the GIANO-B high-resolution near-infrared spectrograph. Using the cross-correlation technique, we detected carbon monoxide (CO) in the dayside atmospheres of both planets. The detected CO lines are in emission, which agrees with previous discoveries of iron emission lines and temperature inversions in the two planets. This is the first detection of CO lines in emission with high-resolution spectroscopy. Further retrieval work combining the CO lines with other spectral features will enable a comprehensive understanding of the atmospheric properties such as temperature structures and C/O ratios. The detected CO and iron emission lines of WASP-189b have redshifted radial velocities of several km s−1, which likely originate from a dayside to nightside wind in its atmosphere. Such a redshifted velocity has not been detected for the emission lines of WASP-33b, suggesting that the atmospheric circulation patterns of the two UHJs may be different.

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Silicon in the dayside atmospheres of two ultra-hot Jupiters

Cited by 23 publications

References 72 publications

The GAPS Programme at TNG

The GAPS Programme at TNG

The GAPS Programme at TNG XXXIII. HARPS-N detects multiple atomic species in emission from the dayside of KELT-20b

Detection of CO emission lines in the dayside atmospheres of WASP-33b and WASP-189b with GIANO

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