Silicon Compounds, Inorganic

Simmler, Walter

doi:10.1002/14356007.a24_001

Cited by 20 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 188 publications

(70 reference statements)

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“…a, Comparison between existing methods46 and our new method (highlighted with red color) for producing nano-Si. Si(OR) 4 denotes silicon alkoxide.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Rice husks as a sustainable source of nanostructured silicon for high performance Li-ion battery anodes

Liu

Huo

McDowell

et al. 2013

Sci Rep

455

331

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The recovery of useful materials from earth-abundant substances is of strategic importance for industrial processes. Despite the fact that Si is the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust, processes to form Si nanomaterials is usually complex, costly and energy-intensive. Here we show that pure Si nanoparticles (SiNPs) can be derived directly from rice husks (RHs), an abundant agricultural byproduct produced at a rate of 1.2 × 108 tons/year, with a conversion yield as high as 5% by mass. And owing to their small size (10–40 nm) and porous nature, these recovered SiNPs exhibits high performance as Li-ion battery anodes, with high reversible capacity (2,790 mA h g−1, seven times greater than graphite anodes) and long cycle life (86% capacity retention over 300 cycles). Using RHs as the raw material source, overall energy-efficient, green, and large scale synthesis of low-cost and functional Si nanomaterials is possible.

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“…a, Comparison between existing methods46 and our new method (highlighted with red color) for producing nano-Si. Si(OR) 4 denotes silicon alkoxide.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Rice husks as a sustainable source of nanostructured silicon for high performance Li-ion battery anodes

Liu

Huo

McDowell

et al. 2013

Sci Rep

455

331

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…This reaction is the foundation of the silicone industry and the bridge “from sand to silicones” . The direct synthesis approach also has been adopted for the commercial production of several nonmethyl functional silanes, including trichlorosilane from hydrogen chloride, HCl, alkoxysilanes from methanol, MeOH, − and phenylchlorosilanes from chlorobenzene . In addition to these reaction substrates, many other compounds can also be used in the direct synthesis of silanes. , The vast majority of these compounds, though, contain a reactive C–Cl bond and, thus, deliver chloro silanes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward a New Direct Process: Synthesis of Methylmethoxysilanes from Dimethyl Carbonate and Pentacopper Silicide

Roberts

Пушкарев

Sturm

et al. 2020

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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We disclose the direct synthesis of methylmethoxysilanes from pentacopper silicide, Cu5Si, and dimethyl carbonate, DMC, affording high levels of dimethylsilyl products without the use of halide catalysts. When Cu5Si powder (99.5%) was reacted with DMC at 350 °C, Me2Si(OMe)2 was the major silane product at >70% selectivity. In contrast, when a high purity Cu5Si (99.99%) was used, the reaction afforded mainly permethoxylated silanes. ICP-OES identified several impurity elements in the low purity Cu5Si. By synthesizing materials that contained the individual impurity elements and reacting them with DMC, tin was revealed as being a crucial promoter. XPS revealed that tin segregates to the surface under reaction conditions, and elevated tin levels have a significant impact on DMC reactivity with the surface. XPS also suggests that tin is in the zero oxidation state at the surface, which provides some insight to its role in the direct synthesis of methylmethoxysilanes.

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“…Trichlorosilane, the reducing agent used to prepare anion 1 , is manufactured on an industrial scale for the production of high-purity elemental silicon, which is in turn used to produce photovoltaic (PV) cells . It is listed as a high production volume (HPV) chemical, produced in the US in the range of 1–5 billion pounds (2016) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is listed as a high production volume (HPV) chemical, produced in the US in the range of 1–5 billion pounds (2016) . The majority of trichlorosilane is produced by the reaction of hydrogen chloride gas and elemental silicon, the latter being derived from a similarly high energy process to thermal P 4 production . More recently, however, sustainable and less energy-intensive approaches for preparing trichlorosilane have been explored.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Orthophosphate and Sulfate Utilization for C–E (E = P, S) Bond Formation via Trichlorosilyl Phosphide and Sulfide Anions

et al. 2019

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Reduction of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) or tetra-n-butylammonium bisulfate ([TBA][HSO4]) with trichlorosilane leads to the formation of the bis(trichlorosilyl)phosphide ([P(SiCl3)2]−, 1) and trichlorosilylsulfide ([Cl3SiS]−, 2) anions, respectively. Balanced equations for the formation of the TBA salts of anions 1 and 2 were formulated based on the identification of hexachlorodisiloxane and hydrogen gas as byproducts arising from these reductive processes: i) [H2PO4]− + 10HSiCl3 → 1 + 4O(SiCl3)2 + 6H2 for P and ii) [HSO4]− + 9HSiCl3 → 2 + 4O(SiCl3)2 + 5H2 for S. Hydrogen gas was identified by its subsequent use to hydrogenate an alkene ((−)-terpinen-4-ol) using Crabtree’s catalyst ([(COD)Ir(py)(PCy3)][PF6], COD = 1,5-cyclooctadiene, py = pyridine, Cy = cyclohexyl). Phosphide 1 was generated in situ by the reaction of phosphoric acid and trichlorosilane and used to convert an alkyl chloride (1-chlorooctane) to the corresponding primary phosphine, which was isolated in 41% yield. Anion 1 was also prepared from [TBA][H2PO4] and isolated in 62% yield on a gram scale. Treatment of [TBA]1 with an excess of benzyl chloride leads to the formation of tetrabenzylphosphonium chloride, which was isolated in 61% yield. Sulfide 2 was used as a thionation reagent, converting benzophenone to thiobenzophenone in 62% yield. It also converted benzyl bromide to benzyl mercaptan in 55% yield. The TBA salt of trimetaphosphate ([TBA]3[P3O9]·2H2O), also a precursor to anion 1, was found to react with either trichlorosilane or silicon(IV) chloride to provide bis(trimetaphosphate)silicate, [TBA]2[Si(P3O9)2], characterized by NMR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, and elemental analysis. Trichlorosilane reduction of [TBA]2[Si(P3O9)2] also provided anion 1. The electronic structures of 1 and 2 were investigated using a suite of theoretical methods; the computational studies suggest that the trichlorosilyl ligand is a good π-acceptor and forms σ-bonds with a high degree of s character.

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Silicon Compounds, Inorganic

Abstract: The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Silicon Hydrides … Show more

Cited by 20 publications

References 188 publications

Rice husks as a sustainable source of nanostructured silicon for high performance Li-ion battery anodes

Rice husks as a sustainable source of nanostructured silicon for high performance Li-ion battery anodes

Toward a New Direct Process: Synthesis of Methylmethoxysilanes from Dimethyl Carbonate and Pentacopper Silicide

Orthophosphate and Sulfate Utilization for C–E (E = P, S) Bond Formation via Trichlorosilyl Phosphide and Sulfide Anions

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