Silicon–Carbon Nanotube Coaxial Sponge as Li‐Ion Anodes with High Areal Capacity

Abstract

Highly porous, conductive Si‐CNT sponge‐like structures with a large areal mass loading are demonstrated as effective Li‐ion battery anode materials. Nanopore formation and growth in the Si shell has been identified as the primary failure mode of the Si‐CNT sponge anode, and the formation of such nanopores can be minimized by tuning the cutoff voltages. In conjunction with experiments, a theoretical analysis was carried out to explain the pore formation mechanism.

Cycling strategies for optimizing silicon nanowires performance as negative electrode for lithium battery

“…Therefore, improvements of SiNWs electrode cycle life were proposed by surface coatings [6][7][8][9] or use of electrolyte additives [10][11][12]. However, only a few papers deal with the influence of the cycling conditions and provide some indications to enhance the capacity retention, for instance by increasing the lower cut-off voltage above 100 mV [13][14][15][16]. Chakrapani et al [17] observed the promising effect of capacity limitation during delithiation process.…”

Nanostructured Anode Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries: Progress, Challenge and Perspective

“…[102] It is considered that Si and Sn are cheaper because of large abundance but their extraction process and methods to make them suitable for LIBs bring large cost. [103][104][105] It is assumed that electrode materials contribute more than 30% of the total cost of battery cell. Thus, regardless to enhance the performance of electrode materials by developing new structures, morphologies and compositions, attentions are needed to be paid on the commercial viability, cost, abundance, market concentration and geopolitical activities as these significantly affect the financial feasibility of the materials.…”

Stress relaxation through interdiffusion in amorphous lithium alloy electrodes

“…In many cases, nanosized electrodes show no tendency to fracture and instead degrade through failure mechanisms which are distinctly different from those in electrodes of larger sizes. For example, while bulk and thin film Si electrodes mainly fail through cracking (Beaulieu et al, 2001(Beaulieu et al, , 2003, nano-sized Si electrodes degrade through internal nano-pore formation or surface roughening Hu et al, 2011). Void formation rather than fracture has also been observed in Li/Ge nanowire electrodes (Liu et al, 2011a).…”

“…One way to mitigate the problem is to reduce the size of the electrodes. In particular, electrodes made of nano-sized structures such as nanowires (NWs), nanotubes and nanoscale core-shell structures have been shown to be particularly effective in avoiding fracture (Chan et al, 2008;Cui et al, 2009;Hu et al, 2011;Magasinski et al, 2010;Song et al, 2010). In many cases, nanosized electrodes show no tendency to fracture and instead degrade through failure mechanisms which are distinctly different from those in electrodes of larger sizes.…”