“…Researchers also found that downsizing the Si particles to nanometers helps suppress particle pulverization, but the considerable surface area of nanosized Si leads to abundant side reactions, thus decreasing the Coulombic efficiency [19] . Carbon is widely used as a coating material on Si to improve its electrical conductivity and separate Si from the electrolyte [16,20,21] . However, the highly conductive carbon is electrochemically active, which cannot prevent side reactions.…”