Silicon-Based Materials from Rice Husks and Their Applications

Sun, Luyi; Gong, Kecheng

doi:10.1021/ie010284b

Cited by 367 publications

(258 citation statements)

References 152 publications

(289 reference statements)

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“…The cultivation of rice plants generates a waste product, so-called rice husks (RHs), and upon the complete harvest of rice, the content of the RH reaches ∼20 wt% of the entire rice kernel, a very large amount, considering the massive scale of global rice production. The utilization of RHs has been an extensive research topic for decades (2). However, practical applications of RHs have been limited to a narrow range of low-value agricultural items, such as fertilizer additives, stockbreeding rugs, and bed soil, because of their tough and abrasive properties (2).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The utilization of RHs has been an extensive research topic for decades (2). However, practical applications of RHs have been limited to a narrow range of low-value agricultural items, such as fertilizer additives, stockbreeding rugs, and bed soil, because of their tough and abrasive properties (2). There is a large opportunity for further research targeting more valuable applications.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recycling rice husks for high-capacity lithium battery anodes

Jung

Ryou²,

Sung

et al. 2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

264

182

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The rice husk is the outer covering of a rice kernel and protects the inner ingredients from external attack by insects and bacteria. To perform this function while ventilating air and moisture, rice plants have developed unique nanoporous silica layers in their husks through years of natural evolution. Despite the massive amount of annual production near 10 8 tons worldwide, so far rice husks have been recycled only for low-value agricultural items. In an effort to recycle rice husks for high-value applications, we convert the silica to silicon and use it for high-capacity lithium battery anodes. Taking advantage of the interconnected nanoporous structure naturally existing in rice husks, the converted silicon exhibits excellent electrochemical performance as a lithium battery anode, suggesting that rice husks can be a massive resource for use in high-capacity lithium battery negative electrodes.R ice is one of the most widespread food crops for human sustenance (Fig. 1A). It is currently cultivated in about 75 countries, and more than one-third of the global population eats rice as a staple food. Its worldwide annual production amounts to ∼422 million metric tons (1). The cultivation of rice plants generates a waste product, so-called rice husks (RHs), and upon the complete harvest of rice, the content of the RH reaches ∼20 wt% of the entire rice kernel, a very large amount, considering the massive scale of global rice production. The utilization of RHs has been an extensive research topic for decades (2). However, practical applications of RHs have been limited to a narrow range of low-value agricultural items, such as fertilizer additives, stockbreeding rugs, and bed soil, because of their tough and abrasive properties (2). There is a large opportunity for further research targeting more valuable applications.Although RHs contain a variety of components such as lignin, cellulose, and silica, the present study pays attention mainly to recycling of the silica component. It has been known (3, 4) that silica accounts for ∼15-20 wt% of the entire RHs (Fig. 1B, Lower Inset) and originates from monosilicic acid that is first introduced into rice plants through their roots and is then moved to the rigid outer epidermal walls of the plants where it is converted into silica. The silica in RHs plays an important role in protecting rice from external attack by insects and bacteria (3, 5, 6), but simultaneously facilitates ventilation between inside and outside RHs to preserve moisture and nutrients inside the kernels. To perform these critical dual functions, the silica in RHs has developed unique porous nanostructures through years of natural evolution.In an effort to recycle RHs toward high-value applications, in the present investigation, the RH silica possessing unique nanostructures has been applied in high-capacity lithium ion battery (LIB) anodes by reducing the silica to silicon (Si). Si has recently attracted considerable attention as an LIB anode due to its unparalleled theoretical capacity around 4,000 mAh/g ...

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling rice husks for high-capacity lithium battery anodes

Jung

Ryou²,

Sung

et al. 2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

264

182

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“…62 As a result, silica derivation from natural resources, especially from rice husks, is much more sustainable and lower cost than alternative methods, and also is attracting considerable research attention. [63][64][65][66] Recently, many researchers employed natural sources as the silica precursors, and then converted such kinds of nature-derived silica to silicon for energy storage applications. Cui's group prepared pure silica directly from rice husks and converted these silica particles to SiNPs with a conversion yield as high as 5% by mass (Figure 3a and 3b).…”

Section: Natural Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Si-containing precursors for Si-based anode materials of Li-ion batteries: A review

Zhang

Liu

Zhao

et al. 2016

Energy Storage Materials

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Lithium-ion batteries with high energy density are in demand for consumer electronics, electric vehicles, and grid-scale stationary energy storage. Si is one of the most promising anode materials due to its extremely high specific capacity. However, the full application of Si-based anode materials is limited by poor cycle life and rate capability resulted from low ionic/electronic conductivity and large volume change over cycling. In recent years, great progress has been made in improving the performance of Si anodes by employing nanotechnology. The preparation methods are essentially important, in which the precursors used are crucial to design and control the microstructure for the Si-based materials. In this review, we provide comprehensive summary and comment on different Si-containing precursors for preparation of nanosized Si-based anode materials and focus on the corresponding electrochemical performances in lithium-ion batteries. Bulk sized silicon, silicon wafer and silicon microparticles are generally used as starting materials to synthesize porous or nanosized silicon, and the routes for the synthesis are rather mature and commercially available. Silica is also commonly used to form silicon by conversion through a facile magnesiothermic reduction. Silica derivation from natural resources, especially from rice husks, is much more sustainable and lower cost than alternative methods, which attracts considerable research attention. In addition, gaseous Si-based sources like SiH4, Si2H6 and SiHxCly, liquid silicon sources like trisilane and phenylsilane and elemental silicon have successfully used to prepare nanosized or carbon-coated silicon. Further considerations on massive production possibility have also been presented. Si-Containing Precursors for Si-Based Anode Materials of Li-Ion Batteries AbstractLithium-ion batteries with high energy density and large power output are in demand for consumer electronics, electric vehicles, and grid-scale stationary energy storage. Silicon is one of the most promising anode materials because it has 10 times higher specific capacity than that of the commercial graphitic carbon anode. Unfortunately, the practical utilization of silicon-based anode materials is still hindered by its low electronic conductivity and high capacity fading rate due to the large volume changes upon insertion and extraction of Li ions during cycling. Introducing porous structure, along with decreasing the dimension of Si-based materials to nanosize, is an effective way to address these problems. During the past decade, tremendous attention has been paid to improve Si anodes so as to give them better electrochemical performance. In this review, we focus the Si-containing precursors for preparation of Si-based anode materials.3

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“…the utilization of silica from RH for the synthesis of various types of zeolite [8][9][10][11][12][13][14], and mesoporous silica such as . Efforts have also been made to use RH as a source of silica for the synthesis of NaY zeolite with the autoclave process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While Zn II has experienced electrostatic bonding interaction with the framework oxygen atoms, creation of mesopores in NaY due to local destruction of the zeolite lattice around the growing ZnS particles was evidenced. Wonderfully, ZnS/NaY exhibited a high performance in prohibiting the growth of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and negligible from P. Aeruginosa, and these important features make it a potential candidate as an antimicrobial agent for controlling implant-related infections.the utilization of silica from RH for the synthesis of various types of zeolite [8][9][10][11][12][13][14], and mesoporous silica such as . Efforts have also been made to use RH as a source of silica for the synthesis of NaY zeolite with the autoclave process.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Synthesis of Nay Zeolite from Rice Husk Silica: Modification with Zno and Zns for Antibacterial Application

Salama¹,

Othman²

2016

Chem Sci J

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Zeolite Y in the sodium form (NaY) was synthesized using amorphous silica ash derived from waste rice husks under hydrothermal conditions. Structural characterization of NaY before and after modification with ZnO and ZnS has been done using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), N 2 adsorption-desorption at -196 °C, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The effects of the Na 2 O/SiO 2 and Si/Al ratios, aging temperature and crystallization time on the optimized synthesis of NaY were thoroughly investigated. Thus the regulated Na + impurity concentration in the starting hydrogel was found to act as a template-assisted synthesis of zeolite NaY by the potential incorporation of Al atoms into the zeolite framework. Results of surface analyses indicate that the interactions of ZnO and ZnS with NaY zeolite are distinguishable and thus the higher interaction is observed for the latter. While Zn II has experienced electrostatic bonding interaction with the framework oxygen atoms, creation of mesopores in NaY due to local destruction of the zeolite lattice around the growing ZnS particles was evidenced. Wonderfully, ZnS/NaY exhibited a high performance in prohibiting the growth of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and negligible from P. Aeruginosa, and these important features make it a potential candidate as an antimicrobial agent for controlling implant-related infections.the utilization of silica from RH for the synthesis of various types of zeolite [8][9][10][11][12][13][14], and mesoporous silica such as . Efforts have also been made to use RH as a source of silica for the synthesis of NaY zeolite with the autoclave process. This low-cost process may lead to production of zeolite NaY to be economically able to compete with established commercial zeolite [16]. Zeolites could selectively adsorb biopolymers like protein, DNA, and RNA, and therefore could be used as chromatographic carriers for these molecules [17][18][19][20]. For these reasons, zeolites would be able to selectively adsorb microbial cells and could be used as cell separation carriers in their native state without surface modifications. Zeolites could adsorb each of the bacterial cell species with high selectivity even from a mixed suspension and could therefore be used as effective carrier materials to provide an easy, rapid and accurate method for cell separation [21]. Zinc oxide supported on zeolite with novel physicochemical properties has recently synthesized [22]. There are some reports regarding the industrial uses of ZnO/ zeolite [23][24][25]. This system can also provide significant impact on the design of a controlled-release product for the pharmacological application in alleviating post-weaning diarrhea of piglets.The aim of this research was to use the RH as an amorphous silica source in the synthesis of NaY zeolite under the optimized experimental conditions. The effects of gel aging and crystallization conditions for the synthesis of NaY under fully optimiz...

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Silicon-Based Materials from Rice Husks and Their Applications

Cited by 367 publications

References 152 publications

Recycling rice husks for high-capacity lithium battery anodes

Recycling rice husks for high-capacity lithium battery anodes

Si-containing precursors for Si-based anode materials of Li-ion batteries: A review

Novel Synthesis of Nay Zeolite from Rice Husk Silica: Modification with Zno and Zns for Antibacterial Application

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