Silica nanoparticles: A review of their safety and current strategies to overcome biological barriers

ZIF-90-decorated silica nanoparticles with a spiky surface: a novel approach to drug delivery

“…Silica species are excreted either via the kidneys or the gastrointestinal tract, contingent on the administration route and dosage. [37][38][39][40] However, larger nanoparticles (410 nm) face challenges in penetrating the glomerular filtration barrier, hindering kidney clearance. 38 Gao et al conducted histological evaluations, confirming clear tissue structures without evident abnormalities, injuries, or inflammation post-administration of silica nanoparticles.…”

“…[37][38][39][40] However, larger nanoparticles (410 nm) face challenges in penetrating the glomerular filtration barrier, hindering kidney clearance. 38 Gao et al conducted histological evaluations, confirming clear tissue structures without evident abnormalities, injuries, or inflammation post-administration of silica nanoparticles. 41 These collective findings demonstrate the non-toxic nature of spiky SNP postadministration, emphasizing their promising diagnostic and therapeutic potential.…”

Multifunctional Nanotheranostics for Overcoming the Blood–Brain Barrier

“…Silica‐based NPs (SBNPs) in CNS nanotheranostics are a fascinating research area, mainly due to the versatile chemistry of silicon and the promising biocompatibility features. [ 150 ] SBNPs are among the most flexible materials for drug delivery owing to 1) tunable shape and size, 2) high surface area, 3) enormous capacity to load drugs with varying sizes and chemistry, 4) superb biocompatibility, 5) thermal and chemical stability, 6) easy functionalization, 7) high loading capacity, and 8) superb bioavailability. [ 151,152 ] On the other hand, these NPs suffer from 1) scattered size distribution and 2) formation of stable colloidal suspensions.…”

Receptor Ligand-Free Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles: A Streamlined Strategy for Targeted Drug Delivery across the Blood–Brain Barrier

“…Crucially, in the realm of cancer nanomedicine, the size of nanoparticles (NPs) is a key factor for effective penetration into brain tumors. Smaller NPs, approximately 25 nm in diameter, are more adept at infiltrating the central hypoxic zones of tumors, a characteristic particularly vital in GBM. − This penetration is supported by trans-endothelial pathways, an efficient route for nanoparticle movement into tumors. , Concurrently, the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, traditionally credited for improved tumor accumulation, also plays a role in the preferential localization of nanoparticles within tumor tissue …”

“…16−18 This penetration is supported by trans-endothelial pathways, an efficient route for nanoparticle movement into tumors. 19,20 Concurrently, the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, traditionally credited for improved tumor accumulation, also plays a role in the preferential localization of nanoparticles within tumor tissue. 21 This article is licensed under CC-BY 4 Amidst these developments, specific drugs like Doxorubicin (DOX) have been scrutinized for their effectiveness against glioma cell lines and tumor models.…”