Silica-coated LiYF₄:Yb³⁺, Tm³⁺ upconverting nanoparticles are non-toxic and activate minor stress responses in mammalian cells

Abstract

Silica-coated lanthanide-doped upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) are internalized by mammalian cells. The bipyramidal UCNPs are non-toxic and elicit minor stress responses in a cell type-dependent fashion.