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Cited by 5 publications
References 756 publications
The article contains sections titled: 1. Saturated Hydrocarbons 1.1. Physical Properties 1.2. Chemical Properties 1.3. Production 1.3.1. From Natural Gas and Petroleum 1.3.2. From Coal and Coal‐Derived Products 1.3.3. By Synthesis and by Conversion of other Hydrocarbons 1.4. Uses 1.5. Individual Saturated Hydrocarbons 2. Olefins 2.1. Monoolefins 2.1.1. Properties 2.1.2. Production of Higher Olefins 2.1.2.1. Production from Paraffins 2.1.2.2. Oligomerization of Lower Olefins 2.1.3. Uses of Higher Olefins 2.1.4. Economic Aspects of Higher Olefins 2.2. Dienes and Polyenes 2.2.1. Low Molecular Mass 1,3‐Dienes 2.2.2. Synthesis of Dienes and Polyenes by Oligomerization 2.2.3. Synthesis of Dienes and Polyenes by Metathesis 3. Alkylbenzenes 3.1. Trimethylbenzenes 3.2. Tetramethylbenzenes 3.3. Penta‐ and Hexamethylbenzene 3.4. Diethylbenzenes 3.5. Triethylbenzenes and more highly Ethylated Benzenes 3.6. Ethylmethylbenzenes (Ethyltoluenes) 3.7. Cumene 3.8. Diisopropylbenzenes 3.9. Cymenes; C 4 ‐ and C 5 ‐Alkylaromatic Compounds 3.10. Monoalkylbenzenes with Alkyl Groups >C 10 3.11. Diphenylmethane 4. Biphenyls and Polyphenyls 4.1. Biphenyl 4.2. Terphenyls 4.3. Polyphenyls 5. Hydrocarbons from Coal Tar 5.1. Acenaphthene 5.2. Indene 5.3. Fluorene 5.4. Fluoranthene 5.5. Phenanthrene 5.6. Pyrene 6. Toxicology and Occupational Health 6.1. Alkanes 6.2. Alkenes 6.3. Alkylbenzenes 6.4. Biphenyls and Polyphenyls 6.5. Hydrocarbons from Coal Tar 6.5.1. Biological Effects 6.5.1.1. Carcinogenicity and Mutagenicity 6.5.1.2. Mammalian Toxicity and Toxicokinetics 6.5.1.3. Ecotoxicology 6.5.2. Safety Regulations
The article contains sections titled: 1. Saturated Hydrocarbons 1.1. Physical Properties 1.2. Chemical Properties 1.3. Production 1.3.1. From Natural Gas and Petroleum 1.3.2. From Coal and Coal‐Derived Products 1.3.3. By Synthesis and by Conversion of other Hydrocarbons 1.4. Uses 1.5. Individual Saturated Hydrocarbons 2. Olefins 2.1. Monoolefins 2.1.1. Properties 2.1.2. Production of Higher Olefins 2.1.2.1. Production from Paraffins 2.1.2.2. Oligomerization of Lower Olefins 2.1.3. Uses of Higher Olefins 2.1.4. Economic Aspects of Higher Olefins 2.2. Dienes and Polyenes 2.2.1. Low Molecular Mass 1,3‐Dienes 2.2.2. Synthesis of Dienes and Polyenes by Oligomerization 2.2.3. Synthesis of Dienes and Polyenes by Metathesis 3. Alkylbenzenes 3.1. Trimethylbenzenes 3.2. Tetramethylbenzenes 3.3. Penta‐ and Hexamethylbenzene 3.4. Diethylbenzenes 3.5. Triethylbenzenes and more highly Ethylated Benzenes 3.6. Ethylmethylbenzenes (Ethyltoluenes) 3.7. Cumene 3.8. Diisopropylbenzenes 3.9. Cymenes; C 4 ‐ and C 5 ‐Alkylaromatic Compounds 3.10. Monoalkylbenzenes with Alkyl Groups >C 10 3.11. Diphenylmethane 4. Biphenyls and Polyphenyls 4.1. Biphenyl 4.2. Terphenyls 4.3. Polyphenyls 5. Hydrocarbons from Coal Tar 5.1. Acenaphthene 5.2. Indene 5.3. Fluorene 5.4. Fluoranthene 5.5. Phenanthrene 5.6. Pyrene 6. Toxicology and Occupational Health 6.1. Alkanes 6.2. Alkenes 6.3. Alkylbenzenes 6.4. Biphenyls and Polyphenyls 6.5. Hydrocarbons from Coal Tar 6.5.1. Biological Effects 6.5.1.1. Carcinogenicity and Mutagenicity 6.5.1.2. Mammalian Toxicity and Toxicokinetics 6.5.1.3. Ecotoxicology 6.5.2. Safety Regulations
Modified (␣-diimine)nickel(II) catalysts are suitable for ethylene oligomerization reactions. Due to the mechanism ("chain running"), the formation of double-bond isomers and branched olefins can be observed. The obtained oligomer mixtures show a Schulz-Flory distribution. Increasing ethylene pressure favors the selectivity of ␣-olefin formation. The same effect can be observed when Lewis bases like thiophene or furane are added to the oligomerization reaction mixture. These results can be related to an interaction of the additives with the catalytic active species during the oligomerization process.
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