Silage and the safety and quality of dairy foods: a review

Driehuis, F.

doi:10.23986/afsci.6699

Cited by 113 publications

(132 citation statements)

References 94 publications

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“…Indeed, while for cow's milk, high clostridial spore counts are mainly recorded in winter, due to silage feeding (Driehuis 2013;Zucali et al 2015), for ewe's milk, high MPN counts have also been observed in summer. This could be due to environmental factors, husbandry and feeding practices other than silage feeding, such as wool spore contamination, milking hygiene, and an incorrect management of the bedding, especially during anomalous summer seasons (i.e., particularly rainy or dry).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of Clostridium spp. in ewe’s milk: enumeration and identification of isolates

Turchi

Pero

Torracca

et al. 2016

Dairy Sci. & Technol.

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The presence of gas-producing clostridia in ewe's milk can lead to the occurrence of late-blowing defects in cheeses. However, data on this aspect are limited. In the present study, using the most probable number (MPN) method, clostridial spores were enumerated in 527 ewe's milk samples collected in the Grosseto Province (Tuscany, Italy) from autumn 2014 to summer 2015. In addition, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), we identified the species most frequently involved in lateblowing defects in cheese (Clostridium tyrobutyricum, Clostridium butyricum, Clostridium beijerinckii, and Clostridium sporogenes), and of Clostridium perfringens. Gas-producing clostridial spores were detected in 99% of samples. Spore concentrations ranged from 360 to more than 110,000 sporesIL −1. We observed that 86% of samples had a spore load higher than 1000 sporesIL −1. During autumn and summer, spore concentrations were significantly higher than in winter and spring (P < 0.001). A total of 222 isolates obtained from 77 MPN positive tubes from different milk samples were subjected to PCR. Colonies from 63/77 (82%) MPN positive tubes were taxonomically identified. Among the 63 PCR-positive samples, C. perfringens was the most frequently detected species (56%), followed by C. sporogenes (44%), C. tyrobutyricum (7.9%), C. butyricum (1.6%), and C. beijerinkii (1.6%). In addition, in 11% of the MPN positive tubes, at least two clostridial species were found to be present simultaneously. This work highlights the presence of clostridial spores in ovine milk from central Italy (Tuscany) and led to the identification of some of the clostridia species involved in such high spore loads.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of Clostridium spp. in ewe’s milk: enumeration and identification of isolates

Turchi

Pero

Torracca

et al. 2016

Dairy Sci. & Technol.

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“…Slug contamination of crops gave a severe negative effect on the microbiological quality of silage by increasing C. tyrobutyricum known to decrease nutritional value and palatability (Driehuis, 2013). Although no pathogens were detected after strictly anaerobic fermentation, the pH was above the critical level of microbial inhibition (pH 4.2) with increasing slug level for both low and high DM silages (Tables 2 and 3).…”

Section: Microbiological Quality Of Slug Contaminated Silagementioning

confidence: 98%

“…Silage is considered the main source of butyric acid bacteria (BAB) contamination of milk, where even low levels of BAB are sufficient to spoil semi-hard cheeses (Vissers et al, 2006;Driehuis, 2013). Contamination levels of silage below 3 log 10 BAB/g would provide high quality milk, given a basic pretreatment of the udder teats before milking.…”

Section: Tyrobutyricum Levels and Risk Of Milk Contaminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to tolerance of pH down to 4.2, and the ability of using lactic acid as a growth substrate, these butyric acid producing bacteria reduce both nutritional value and palatability of silages (Driehuis, 2013). Moreover, silage is shown to be the most important source for contamination of milk with spore-forming butyric acid producing bacteria.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are desired microorganisms in silage and contribute to a rapidly declining pH, resulting in silage of high hygienic quality (Driehuis and Oude Elferink, 2000). A pH below 4.2 is considered an important key factor for inhibiting growth of contaminating microorganisms that may pose a risk to animal health or the human food chain (Eurofins, 2010;Driehuis, 2013). Soil and manure residues in harvested crop are well-known sources of microbial contamination.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of invasive slug populations (Arion vulgaris) on grass silage. II: Microbiological quality and feed safety

Gismervik

Randby

Rørvik

et al. 2015

Animal Feed Science and Technology

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a b s t r a c tThis study aimed to explore how invasive slug populations of Arion vulgaris influenced the microbiological quality and animal feed safety of grass silage, and the efficiency of silage additives and wilting to control the microbiology of slug contaminated crops. The effect of four slug contamination levels, including control, of a grass crop harvested for silage production, was evaluated in laboratory scale. The crop was wilted to two dry matter (DM) levels: low (253 g DM/kg) and high (372 g DM/kg). Adult slugs were applied to the low DM crop corresponding to 5 (low level), 10 (medium) and 20 (high level) seven-gram sized Arion vulgaris per m 2 in an assumed harvested regrowth yield of 2.5 ton DM/ha. For the high DM crop, slug weights corresponding to 6 (low level), 12 (medium) and 24 (high level) slugs per m 2 were applied. At low DM level, the effect of four additive treatments; control (C), inoculation with Lactobacillus plantarum (LP), a formic, propionic and benzoic acid mixture (ACID) and a chemical additive containing benzoic acid, NaNO 2 , hexamethylenetetramine and propionic acid (CHEM) were tested. Slugs, slug feces, grass, soil and silages were analyzed for lactic acid bacteria (LAB), Enterobacteriaceae, Listeria monocytogenes, Clostridium tyrobutyricum, molds and yeasts by cultivation methods and Clostridium botulinum type C by real-time PCR analysis.Increasing slug contamination reduced the microbial quality of silages by increasing C. tyrobutyricum levels at both silage DM levels. Only silages without slugs and silages treated with the nitrite containing additive CHEM had non-detectable mean levels of C. tyrobutyricum. Increasing slug contamination increased LAB enumerations in silages. No microbes of risk to human or animal health were detected in anaerobic silages even at the highest slug contamination.

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Effects of re‐ensiling on the fermentation quality and microbial community of napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) silage

2021

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BACKGROUND With the rapid development of animal husbandry, the silage trade has increased in frequency. The re‐ensiling of materials is often required before or after trading, resulting in the exposure of the silage to air before re‐sealing. To develop a re‐ensiling technique for silage, different silage exposure periods were simulated to check the possible effects on the fermentation quality and microbial community of silage. RESULTS Fresh and wilted napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) were ensiled for 90 days, then exposed to air for 0, 6, 12, 24, 36 or 48 h, before being re‐ensiled. As a control, grass was directly ensiled for 180 days. Wilting increased the relative abundance of Klebsiella. The relative abundance of Paenibacillus in the unwilted silage was much higher than that in the wilted silage. Re‐ensiling increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, but decreased the relative abundances of Klebsiella, Bacillus, and Paenibacillus. In addition, Lactobacillus became the dominant bacteria in the re‐ensiled fresh and wilted silages. Re‐ensiling within 48 h of exposure did not affect the fermentation quality of the wilted silage, whereas that of the unwilted silage declined when exposed to air for over 24 h. CONCLUSION Re‐ensiling wilted napier grass silage within 48 h of aerobic exposure did not cause the fermentation quality to decline. The unwilted napier grass silage contained a higher relative abundance of Paenibacillus and significantly deteriorated when re‐ensiled after over 24 h of aerobic exposure. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry

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Silage and the safety and quality of dairy foods: a review

Cited by 113 publications

References 94 publications

Occurrence of Clostridium spp. in ewe’s milk: enumeration and identification of isolates

Occurrence of Clostridium spp. in ewe’s milk: enumeration and identification of isolates

Effect of invasive slug populations (Arion vulgaris) on grass silage. II: Microbiological quality and feed safety

Effects of re‐ensiling on the fermentation quality and microbial community of napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) silage

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