Significant mortality of large ruminants due to hypothermia in northern and central Lao PDR

Khounsy, Syseng; Nampanya, S.; Inthavong, Phout; Yang, Moua; Khamboungheung, Bounkhoung; Avery, Michaela; Bush, R. D.; Rast, Luzia; Windsor, Peter

doi:10.1007/s11250-011-9975-1

Cited by 23 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 9 publications

(16 reference statements)

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“…A survey of farmers was conducted in July 2010 in Nong village, 6 months after the initial report of the most recent FMD outbreak, using the same team of district and project staff (trained in a series of large ruminant health and production workshops supported by the Australian Crawford Fund between 2009 and 2010) that collaborated on previously published studies (Nampanya et al., 2010; Rast et al., 2010; Khounsy et al., 2011).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Foot and Mouth Disease hotspots in northern Lao PDR

Nampanya

Richards

Khounsy

et al. 2012

Transboundary and Emerging Diseases

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Summary Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is an endemic transboundary disease in the Mekong region, and FMD records of reports to animal health authorities in Lao PDR between 2009 and 2011 were reviewed. FMD outbreaks occurred in 2 of 3 years in eight districts in three of the eight northern Lao PDR provinces, locations suggested as FMD ‘hotspots’. The relatively higher risk of recurrence of FMD in these districts was likely due to the presence of a dense large ruminant population, extensive animal trading including transboundary movements and ineffective animal movement controls. As an understanding of the epidemiology of FMD in these ‘hotspots’ may offer insights into improved FMD control in the region, a study of an outbreak of FMD occurring in early 2010 following failure to vaccinate was conducted in the endemic ‘hotspot’ area of Paek district in Xiengkhoung province where in early 2009, a major outbreak of FMD in the district had been prevented in two villages by vaccination. The 2010 outbreak included collection of tissue samples 1 week after the onset of FMD that confirmed infection with FMD virus serotype O (Myanmar topotype) in a population of 239 large ruminants, comprising 167 cattle and 72 buffalo. A survey by interview of 30 farmers conducted in July 2010 documented high morbidity in cattle and buffalo (>90%) and identified disease risk factors, including increased trading of animals at the end of the rice harvest, plus several failures of biosecurity. In late 2010 and early 2011, a total of 40 and 72 serum samples were collected from large ruminants prior to and post‐FMD vaccination respectively and tested by LPB‐ELISA. Antibodies were present in the pre‐vaccination samples attributable to previous exposure to FMD virus and significantly rising post‐vaccination titres indicated likely temporary protection against future FMDV infection. It was concluded that to provide sufficient control of FMD in this ‘hotspot’, regular vaccination, particularly prior to the peak risk period in December‐February, plus improved farmer knowledge of disease transmission risk and biosecurity, is required. Although low rural education standards and language barriers because of multiple ethnic groups pose a challenge for the successful delivery of extension programmes in northern Lao PDR, training to improve disease recognition and reporting plus village‐level biosecurity practices is considered important in FMD ‘hotspots’ if sustainable regional initiatives directed at FMD control are to be achieved.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Foot and Mouth Disease hotspots in northern Lao PDR

Nampanya

Richards

Khounsy

et al. 2012

Transboundary and Emerging Diseases

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“…The total number of large ruminants (cattle and buffalo) in Cambodia was reported at approximately 4.17 million head in 2010 (MAFF, 2011), with a cattle population 3.48 million head, a decrease of about 2.6% from 2009 (MAFF, 2011). A variety of factors may be influencing the decrease in the national herd size, including increased feed costs, illegal trading because of increased export demand, plus animal movements to replace market losses associated with regional climatic impacts (Khounsy et al., 2011). However it is likely that increased mechanization with a reduced need for draft animals and transboundary animal diseases, particularly endemic FMD and haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS), is of relevance to the dynamics of the large ruminant population in Cambodia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Financial Impact of Foot and Mouth Disease on Smallholder Cattle Farmers in Southern Cambodia

Young

Suon

Andrews

et al. 2012

Transboundary and Emerging Diseases

108

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The financial impact of an outbreak of FMD in 2010 on 62 smallholder cattle farmers in four villages in southern Cambodia was investigated by a financial impact survey questionnaire. Financial losses associated with FMD infection were severe with variation depending on whether the animal survived or died or was used for draft. The average post-FMD loss varied from USD 216.32, a 54% reduction from the pre-FMD value because of weight loss and treatment costs, to USD 370.54, a 92% reduction from pre-FMD values if the animal was treated, died and a rental draft replacement was required. Partial budget analysis identified a strongly positive incentive for cattle to be vaccinated biannually for FMD, providing USD 31.48 per animal for each animal owned. However low vaccination rates suggest that farmers are mostly unaware of the need or averse to the practice of vaccinating their cattle for FMD. This may be due to poor understanding of preventative disease strategies such as vaccination, unavailable disposable income for purchase of vaccines, and failure to recognize the full costs that are incurred when the disease occurs. Enhancing smallholder cattle productivity through the introduction of forage growing systems has been suggested as a pathway for alleviating rural poverty in the Mekong region. As our financial analysis identified a net benefit of vaccination for smallholder farmer enterprises in an endemic FMD area in Cambodia, it is considered important that farmer education strategies aimed at improving cattle productivity, also include both access to vaccine and training in preventative disease risk management and biosecurity practices in Cambodia.

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“…With concerns of that increasing climate variability may lead to more mass mortality events due to hypothermia (Khounsy et al . ), increases in flooding events that have been recently occurring in Laos suggest that BL may become a livestock disease of higher priority, requiring adoption of policies encouraging strategic clostridial vaccination programmes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Financial impact of an outbreak of clinically diagnosed blackleg – a case study from Lao PDR

Nampanya

Khounsy²,

Dhand

et al. 2019

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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Blackleg ( BL ) is an acute to peracute highly fatal infectious disease of mainly large ruminants characterised by lesions of myonecrosis caused by Clostridium chauvoei, usually presenting as a sudden onset of sporadic mortalities. In Southeast Asia, ‘ BL ’ is considered a cause of occasional outbreaks of a subacute febrile illness, although there are few published reports available. Investigation of a major outbreak of clinically diagnosed BL occurring in large ruminants (cattle and buffalo) in three neighbouring villages in central Laos in mid‐2017, was conducted to determine the financial impacts of BL on smallholder livelihoods. Owners of BL ‐infected large ruminants in the three affected villages were interviewed ( n = 27) and financial losses including losses due to mortality, morbidity and costs of treatments, were determined. The reports of clinical signs of subcutaneous swelling with palpable crepitus in febrile animals were considered consistent with a diagnosis of BL . The outbreak occurred in 47 of a total 449 households with large ruminants across the three villages, affecting 147 of a total population of 3505 ‘at risk’ large ruminants with 71 deaths reported. At the household level, the mean morbidity and mortality rates were 5 ± 4(95% CI : 3–6) and 3 ± 2(95% CI : 1–4) heads per household, respectively. The estimated financial losses due to BL per affected household was USD 822 ± 692(95% CI : 518–1125), being 122% of their annual household income from large ruminant sales. The comparison between the estimated losses due to BL per village and cost of annual BL vaccination programmes, indicated a potential economic benefit of USD 3.09 and USD 12.37 for every dollar invested in the vaccination programme, if BL outbreaks occur every 20 and 5 years, respectively. This study indicates that clinically diagnosed BL can cause significant losses to smallholder households, and requires Lao animal health authorities to consider vaccination interventions to prevent losses from re‐emergence of BL in the known endemically affected areas.

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Significant mortality of large ruminants due to hypothermia in northern and central Lao PDR

Cited by 23 publications

References 9 publications

Investigation of Foot and Mouth Disease hotspots in northern Lao PDR

Investigation of Foot and Mouth Disease hotspots in northern Lao PDR

Assessment of Financial Impact of Foot and Mouth Disease on Smallholder Cattle Farmers in Southern Cambodia

Financial impact of an outbreak of clinically diagnosed blackleg – a case study from Lao PDR

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