Significance of Travel to Rural Areas as a Risk Factor for Malarial Anemia in an Urban Setting

Siri, José G.; Wilson, Mark L.; Murray, Susan; Rosen, Daniel H.; Vulule, John; Slutsker, Laurence; Lindblade, Kim A.

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0047

Cited by 27 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…funestus mosquitoes from an urban site. 20 This study also supports the findings of the 2010 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), 21 those reported generally from several major cities in sub-Saharan Africa, 11,22 as well as the findings of Mathanga and others, 9,23 who demonstrated that malaria cases in urban Blantyre were more likely to have a history of recent travel to rural areas. It was not surprising to observe that anophelines were present in the study area at very low densities of 10.3% and 12.4% in 2008 and 2010, respectively.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…[6][7][8] Other studies have suggested that urban-rural migration is a major source of the malaria cases reported or detected in urban areas. [9][10][11] In either case, it is important for malaria control programmes to know the contribution of each potential source of malaria infection. Such knowledge is vital to designing better and more suitable control strategies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Risk factors for <i>Anopheles</i> mosquitoes in rural and urban areas of Blantyre District, southern Malawi

Mzilahowa¹,

Luka-Banda²,

Uzalili³

et al. 2017

Mal. Med. J

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BackgroundAlthough urban malaria transmission is low and seasonal, it remains a major public health problem. This study aimed at demonstrating the presence of Anopheles mosquitoes and their potential to transmit malaria in urban settings. MethodsTwo cross-sectional surveys were carried out in Blantyre District, Malawi, during the dry and wet seasons of 2008 and 2010, respectively. A map of Blantyre was divided into a grid of 400 cells, of which 60 cells were randomly selected. Five households located within 100 m from the centre of each selected cell were enrolled, a standard questionnaire was administered, and indoor resting mosquitoes were sampled.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk factors for <i>Anopheles</i> mosquitoes in rural and urban areas of Blantyre District, southern Malawi

Mzilahowa¹,

Luka-Banda²,

Uzalili³

et al. 2017

Mal. Med. J

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“…In Lusaka, the majority of malaria cases are associated with travel outside the city [26]. Because of the lower inherent transmission capacity for urban malaria, travel outside of urban areas to areas of higher malaria transmission is a primary risk factor for a case [27][28][29][30]. The risk that a traveller who acquires a malaria infection poses to neighbors upon the traveller's return, i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of spatial and genetic tools to assess Plasmodium falciparum transmission in Lusaka, Zambia between 2011 and 2015

Bridges

Chishimba

Mwenda

et al. 2020

Malar J

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Background: Zambia has set itself the ambitious target of eliminating malaria by 2021. To continue tracking transmission to zero, new interventions, tools and approaches are required. Methods: Urban reactive case detection (RCD) was performed in Lusaka city from 2011 to 2015 to better understand the location and drivers of malaria transmission. Briefly, index cases were followed to their home and all consenting individuals living in the index house and nine proximal houses were tested with a malaria rapid diagnostic test and treated if positive. A brief survey was performed and for certain responses, a dried blood spot sample collected for genetic analysis. Aggregate health facility data, individual RCD response data and genetic results were analysed spatially and against environmental correlates. Results: Total number of malaria cases remained relatively constant, while the average age of incident cases and the proportion of incident cases reporting recent travel both increased. The estimated R 0 in Lusaka was < 1 throughout the study period. RCD responses performed within 250 m of uninhabited/vacant land were associated with a higher probability of identifying additional infections. Conclusions: Evidence suggests that the majority of malaria infections are imported from outside Lusaka. However there remains some level of local transmission occurring on the periphery of urban settlements, namely in the wet season. Unfortunately, due to the higher-than-expected complexity of infections and the small number of samples tested, genetic analysis was unable to identify any meaningful trends in the data.

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“…There is evidence to suggest that human movement, interacting with vector habitat and features of the environment may be important for the epidemiology of malaria [11,12]. People locate in time and space between areas of high risk and low risk both at the macro (e.g, regional or district level) and micro-scales (e.g, community or household level), thus exposing them differentially to parasites, different mosquito biting intensity patterns, and potentially different living or environmental conditions that may require alternative protective measures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Travel history and malaria infection risk in a low-transmission setting in Ethiopia: a case control study

Yukich

Taylor

Eisele

et al. 2013

Malar J

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BackgroundMalaria remains the leading communicable disease in Ethiopia, with around one million clinical cases of malaria reported annually. The country currently has plans for elimination for specific geographic areas of the country. Human movement may lead to the maintenance of reservoirs of infection, complicating attempts to eliminate malaria.MethodsAn unmatched case–control study was conducted with 560 adult patients at a Health Centre in central Ethiopia. Patients who received a malaria test were interviewed regarding their recent travel histories. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to determine if reported travel outside of the home village within the last month was related to malaria infection status.ResultsAfter adjusting for several known confounding factors, travel away from the home village in the last 30 days was a statistically significant risk factor for infection with Plasmodium falciparum (AOR 1.76; p=0.03) but not for infection with Plasmodium vivax (AOR 1.17; p=0.62). Male sex was strongly associated with any malaria infection (AOR 2.00; p=0.001).ConclusionsGiven the importance of identifying reservoir infections, consideration of human movement patterns should factor into decisions regarding elimination and disease prevention, especially when targeted areas are limited to regions within a country.

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Significance of Travel to Rural Areas as a Risk Factor for Malarial Anemia in an Urban Setting

Cited by 27 publications

References 49 publications

Risk factors for <i>Anopheles</i> mosquitoes in rural and urban areas of Blantyre District, southern Malawi

Risk factors for <i>Anopheles</i> mosquitoes in rural and urban areas of Blantyre District, southern Malawi

The use of spatial and genetic tools to assess Plasmodium falciparum transmission in Lusaka, Zambia between 2011 and 2015

Travel history and malaria infection risk in a low-transmission setting in Ethiopia: a case control study

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